Do Conceito de Campo Político em África: contornos teóricos e exercícios empíricos
Palavras-chave:
Autoridade tradicional, Estado, Campo político, Estado nação, África SubsarianaResumo
Os países africanos subsaarianos conheceram as usurpações de numerosas formações sociais e políticas globais, entre as quais o Estado-nação, no seu crescimento e no seu declínio, que representava apenas um entre numerosos casos, enquanto era simultaneamente arrastado para processos globais em vasta escala. Com efeito, a expansão de uma forma específica de Estado-nação, simultaneamente liberal e democrático, pelo menos na sua ideologia política manifesta, afectou igualmente a África subsaariana na última década, e conduziu em muitos lugares a relações políticas muito complexas entre o Estado e figuras de poder locais tais como as Autoridades Tradicionais. Deste modo, neste texto abordaremos uma questão de grande importância para a compreensão não só das dinâmicas políticas, mas, e sobretudo, das relações sociopolíticas tecidas na actualidade entre o Estado e as Autoridades Tradicionais: a dos fundamentos da legitimidade da dominação, bem como as competências e estratégias sociopolíticas, dos agentes políticos em questão. Nesta medida, o campo político é, por excelência, a plataforma analítica onde melhor se exprimem as legitimações e as suas pretensões à legitimidade reclamadas pelos agentes políticos em análise: Estado e Autoridades Tradicionais.Referências
Abba, Souleymane (1990). «La chefferie traditionnelle en question», Politique Africaine, 38, 51-60.
Accardo, Alain; Corcuff, Philippe (1986). La sociologie de Bourdieu. Bordeaux, Éditions Mascaret.
Arendt, Hannah (1972). La crise de la culture. Paris, Éditions Gallimard.
Ayittey, George (1991). Indigenous African Institutions. New York, Transnational Publishers.
Badié, Bertrand (1992). L’État importé. Essai sur l’occidentalisation de l’ordre politique. Paris, Fayard.
Bayart, Jean-François (1986). «Civil Society in Africa», in Patrick Chabal (org.), Political Domination in Africa: Reflections on the Limits of Power. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Bayart, Jean-François (1989). L’État en Afrique: la politique du ventre. Paris, Fayard.
Benda-Beckmann, Franz von (1979). «Modernes Recht und traditionnelle Gesellschaften», Verfassung und Recht in Übersee, 12, 337-351.
Benda-Beckmann, Franz von (1989). «Scapegoat and Magic Charm: Law in Development Theory and Practice», Journal of Legal Pluralism, 28, 129-148.
Berger, Peter; Luckman, Thomas (1983). A Construção Social da Realidade. Petrópolis, Ed. Vozes.
Binsbergen, Wim van (1987). «Chiefs and the State in Independent Zambia: Exploring the Zambian National Press», in John Griffiths & Emile Rouveroy van Nieuwaal (orgs.), Journal of Legal Pluralism, numéro spécial sur le chefferie en Afrique, 25-26, 139-201.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1981). «La representation politique. Éléments pour une théorie de champ politique», Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, 36/37, fév.-mars.
Bourdieu, Pierre (1984). Questions de sociologie. Paris, Les Éditions de Minuit.
Bourdieu, Pierre (2000). Propos sur le champ politique. Lyon, Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
Bratton, Michael; Walle, Nicolas van der (1997). Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Buijtenhuijs, Rob; Rijnierse, Elly (1993). «Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa», Research Report, 51, Leyde, Centre d’études africaines.
Callaghy, Thomas (1984). The State Society Struggle: Zaire in Comparative Perspective. New York, Columbia University Press.
Chabal, Patrick (1995). «Entender la Política del África Negra Postcolonial», Nova África, 1.
Cliffe, Lionel (1987). «The Debate on African Peasantries», Development and Change, 18 (4), 625-635.
Crowder, Michael; Ikime, Oboro (1970). West African Chiefs: Their Changing Status under Colonial Rule and Independence. New York, Africana Publishing.
Davidson, Basil (1992). The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of Nation-state. London, James Currey.
Dias, Eduardo C. (2001). «Estado, Política e Dignatários Político-religiosos: O caso senegâmbiano», Cadernos de Estudos Africanos, 1, Lisboa, CEA-ISCTE.
Fallers, Lloyd (1955). «The Predicament of the Modern African Chief», American Anthropologist, 57 (2).
Fisiy, Cyprian (1992). «Power and Privilege in the Administration of Law: Land Law Reforms and Social Differentiation in Cameroon», Research Report, 48, Leyde, Centre d’études africaines.
Fisiy, Cyprian (1995). «Chieftaincy in Modern State: an Institution at the Crossroads of Democratic Change», Paideuma, 41, 41-62.
Foucault, Michel (1984). Surveiller et punir. Paris, Gallimard.
DOI : 10.14375/NP.9782070729685
Gerth, Hans; Mills, Charles Wright (orgs.) (1991). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. London, Routledge.
Geschiere, Peter (1989). Moderne mythen: cultuur en ontwikkeling in Africa. Leyde, Universitaire Press.
Geschiere, Peter (1993). «Chiefs and Colonial Rule in Cameroon: Inventing Chieftaincy, French and British Style», Africa, 63.
Giddens, Anthony (1984). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, Polity Press.
Gu-Konu, Emmanuel (1986). «Entité étatique et développement en Afrique tropicale», Cahiers d’Études Africaines, 26 (103), 299-315.
Habermas, Jürgen (1978). Raison et legitimité. Paris, Payot.
Harbeson, John; Rothchild, Donald (2000). Africa in World Politics: The African State System in Flux. Oxford, Westview Press.
Hesseling, Gerti (1992). «Pratiques foncières à l’ombre du droit: l’application du droit foncier urbain à Ziguinchor, Sénégal», Research Report, 49, Leyde, Centre d’études africaines.
Holleman, Johan (1969). Chief, Council and Commissioner. Assen, Royal Van Gorkum Ltd.
Hopkins, Terence; Wallerstein, Immanuel (1996). The Age of Transition: Trajectory of the World-System 1945-2025. London, Zed Press.
Huntington, Samuel (1991). The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press.
Hyden, Goran (1980). Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. London, Heinemann.
Hyden, Goran; Bratton, Michael (1992). Governance and Politics in Africa. Boulder, CO, Lynne Rienner.
Jackson, Robert (1990). Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
Jackson, Robert (1993). «The Weight of Ideas in Decolonization: Normative Change in International Relations», in Judith Goldstein e Robert Keohane (orgs.), Ideas and Foreign Policy. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
Jackson, Robert; Rosberg, Carl (1985). «The Marginality of African State», in Gwendolen M. Carter e Patrick O’Meara (orgs.), The First Twenty-five Years. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
Javeau, Claude (1998). Lições de Sociologia. Oeiras, Celta Editora.
Kirk-Green, Anthony (1995). «‘Le Roi est Mort! Vive le Roi’: The Comparative Legacy of Chiefs After the Transfer of Power in British and French West Africa», in Anthony Kirk-Green e Daniel Bach (orgs.), State and Society in Francophone Africa Since Independence. New York, St. Martin’s Press.
Lapierre, Jean-William (1977). Vivre sans État?. Paris, Seuil.
Leys, Colin (1976). «The ‘Overdeveloped’ Postcolonial State: A Re-evaluation», Review of African Political Economy, 3 (5), 39-48.
Linchwe II, Kgosi (1989). «Chieftainship in the 21st Century», in John Holm e Patrick Molutsi (orgs.), Democracy in Botswana. MacMillan, Botswana, Gabarone.
Lourenço, Vítor (2006). «O Campo Político em África: as relações de (inter)dependência entre Estado e Autoridades Tradicionais», Occasional Papers Series, Lisboa, CEA-ISCTE, 16.
Makumbe, John (1998). «Is There a Civil Society in Africa?», International Affairs, 74 (2), 305-319.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-2346.00018
Mandani, Mahmood (1996). Citizen and Subject. Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. London, James Curry.
Marenin, Otwin (1987). «The Managerial State in Africa: A Conflict Coalition Perspective», in Zaki Ergas (org.), The African State in Transition. New York, St. Martin’s Press.
Mbembe, Achille (1999). «Une économie de prédation. Les rapports entre la rareté matérielle et la démocratie en Afrique», in Momar-Coumba Diop e Mamadou Diouf (orgs.), Les figures du politique en Afrique : Des pouvoirs hérités aux pouvoirs élus. Paris/Dakar, Éditions Karthala et Codesria.
Médard, Jean-François (1982). «The underdevelopment state in tropical Africa: political clientelism or neo-patrimonialism?», in Christopher Clapham (org.), Private Patronage and Public Power: Political Clientelism in the Modern State. London, Frances Pinter.
Miller, Norman (1968). «The Political Survival of Traditional Leadership», Journal of Modern African Studies, 6 (2), 183-201.
Montlibert, Christian de (1997). La domination politique. Strasbourg, Presses Universitaires de Strasbourg.
Murteira, Mário (1995). Economia Mundial - A Emergência duma Nova Ordem Global. Lisboa, Difusão Cultural.
Parkin, Frank (1996). Max Weber. Oeiras, Celta Editora.
Quinlan, Tim (1988). «The Perpetuation of Myths: A Case Study on Tribe and Chief in South Africa», Journal of Legal Pluralism, 27, 79-115.
Ray, Donald (1996). «Divided Sovereignty: Traditional Authority and the State in Ghana», Journal of Legal Pluralism, 37-38, 181-202.
Renn, Ortwin (1992). «The Social Arena Concept of Risk Debates», in Shelson Krimsky e Dominic Golding (orgs.), Social Theories of Risk. Westport, Praeger, 179-196.
Rothchild, Donald (1987). «Hegemony and State Softness: Some Variations in Elite Responses», in Zaki Ergas (org.), The African State in Transition. New York, St. Martin’s, 117-148.
Rothchild, Donald; Chazan, Naomi (1988). The Precarius Balance: State and Society in Africa. Boulder, CO, Westview.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile (1980). «Chefferie au Nord-Togo: la position ambiguë d’un chef supérieur des Anufom à N’zara, Nord-Togo», État et société en Afrique Noire, Revue française d’histoire d’outre-mer, tome LXVIII.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile (1987). «Chiefs and African States: Some Introductory Notes and an Extensive Bibliography of African Chieftaincy», Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 25-26, 203-241.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile (1992). Aventure démocratique au Togo: le chef traditionnel pris entre l’État et le peuple. Documentário, 16mm, Leyde, Centre d’études africaines.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile; Ray, Donald (1996). «The New Relevance of Traditional Authorities in Africa’s Future», Journal of Legal Pluralism, 37-38, 181-202.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile (1999). «Chieftaincy in Africa: Three Facets of a Hybrid Role», in Emile Rouveroy van Nieuwaal e Rijk van Dijk (orgs.), African Chieftaincy in a New Socio-Political Landscape. Leiden, LIT Verlag.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile; Dijk, Rijk van (1999). «The Domestication of Chieftaincy: The Imposed and the Imagined», in E. Rouveroy van Nieuwaal & R. van Dijk (orgs.), African Chieftaincy in a New Socio-Political Landscape. Hambourg, LIT Verlag.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile (2000a). «Pobreza judiciária: a complexidade do pluralismo judiciária no Togo», in José Viegas e Eduardo C. Dias (orgs.), Cidadania, Integração, Globalização. Oeiras, Celta Editora.
Rouveroy van Nieuwaal, Emile (2000b). L’état en Afrique face à la chefferie. Paris, Éditions Karthala.
Sandbrook, Richard (1985). The Politics of Africa’s Economic Stagnation. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511558931
Sandbrook, Richard (1987). «Personnalisation du pouvoir et stagnation capitaliste. L’état africain en crise», Politique Africaine, 26, 15-41.
Skalník, Peter (1996). «Authority versus Power: Democracy in Africa Must Include Original African Institutions», Journal of Legal Pluralism, 37-38, 109-121.
Skinner, Elliott (1968). «The ‘Paradox’ of Rural Leadership: A Comment», Journal of Modern African Studies, 6 (2), 199-201.
Sklar, Richard (1985). «The Colonial Imprint on African Political Thought», in African Independence. The First Twenty-five Years. London, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Hutchinson.
Sklar, Richard (1993). «The African Frontier in Political Science», in Robert Bates, Valentin Mudimbe e Jean O’Barr (orgs.), Africa and the Disciplines: The Contributions of Research in Africa to the Social Sciences and Humanities. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
Trotha, Trutz von (1994). Kolonial Herrschaft: Zur soziologischen Theorie der Staatsentstehung am Beispiel des ‘Schutzgebietes Togo’. Tübingen, Mohr.
Trotha, Trutz von (1996). «From Administrative to Civil Chieftaincy: Some Problems and Prospects of African Chieftaincy», Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 37-38, 79-107.
Uwazurike, P. Chudi (1990). «Confronting Potential Breakdown: The Nigerian Redemocratization Process in Critical Perspective», Journal of Modern African Studies, 28 (1), 55-77.
Vaughn, Olufemi (1988). «Les chefs traditionnels face au pouvoir politique», Politique Africaine, 32, 44-56.
Villalón, Leonardo; Huxtable, Phillip (1998). The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disintegration & Reconfiguration. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Weber, Max (1964). Economia y Sociedad. México-Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica.
Weber, Max (1968). Essais sur la théorie de la science. Paris, Plon.
Weber, Max (1979). O Político e o Cientista. Lisboa, Presença.
Wiseman, John (1995). Democracy and Political Change in Sub-Saharan Africa. London, Routledge.
DOI : 10.4324/9780203428337
Zips, Werner (1998). «Nanny: Nana of the Maroons? Some comparative thoughts on Queen mothers in Akan and Jamaican Maroon Societies», in Emile Rouveroy van Nieuwaal e Werner Zips (orgs.), Sovereignty, Legitimacy and Power in West African Societies: Perspectives from Legal Anthropology. Hambourg, LIT Verlag.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Autorizo a publicação do artigo/recensão submetido do qual sou autor.
Declaro ainda que o presente artigo é original, que não foi objecto de qualquer tipo de publicação, e cedo em exclusivo os direitos de publicação à revista Cadernos de Estudos Africanos. A reprodução do artigo, no todo ou em parte, noutras publicações ou noutros suportes depende de autorização prévia da editora Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.
