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A interpretação jurídica nas decisões do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia
O presente trabalho busca compreender os critérios de interpretação jurídica nas decisões do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia a partir dos referenciais teóricos de Savigny e Castanheira Neves. Embora a questão da aplicação judicial do Direito tenha sido objeto de estudo de diversos pensadores, como Gramsci, Herbert Hart, Rudolf von Ihering e Hans Kelsen, os trabalhos publicados por esses autores dedicaram-se, prioritariamente, à compreensão das decisões de tribunais nacionais. Nesse sentido, este artigo procura, de alguma forma, contribuir para a compreensão dos critérios de interpretação jurídica dentro da União Europeia, fortalecendo essa área de estudo no âmbito do Direito da União.
Derechos de autor 2025 Suhayla Khalil Viana de Castro https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
With the growing influence of the Court of Justice of the European Union ("CJEU") in sectors traditionally seen as part of the core of Member States’ sovereignty, national constitutional courts have increasingly invoked national identity to justify deviations from the primacy of EU law. This tension is particularly pronounced in matters tied to the fundamental competencies of the state which are intrinsic to national identity and the constitutional legitimacy of member states. This paper explores how national identity is deployed by national constitutional courts to resist the primacy of EU law. We take the Portuguese experience as our starting point, examining the dissenting opinion of Justice Joana Fernandes Costa in the latest ruling of the Portuguese Constitutional Court on data retention, in which she raises concerns over the extent to which the CJEU case-law on the matter that allows EU law to override national security core concerns, such as ensuring security and peace. The main argument raised is that, while national identity claims could serve as a basis for national courts to resist the primacy of EU law, they must also take into consideration the agreement the peoples of Europe reached when joining the EU.
Derechos de autor 2025 Francisco ARGA E LIMA, Francisco Pereira Coutinho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Confissões Religiosas e Ministros de Culto
A Lei da Liberdade Religiosa, aprovada pela Lei n.º 16/2001, de 16 de junho, constituiu um marco fundamental na consolidação do atual Direito Português da Religião de matriz pluralista e cooperativa na relação do fenómeno religioso com o Estado, na sequência da vigência da Constituição da República Portuguesa de 1976, sendo o regime das confissões religiosas e o estatuto dos seus ministros de culto zonas sensíveis e menos conhecidas, nas quais avulta a igual importância que importa dar à dimensão coletiva da liberdade religiosa.
Derechos de autor 2025 Jorge Bacelar Gouveia https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
O Contrato de Factoring e Suas Modalidades
Este artigo examina as diversas modalidades do contrato de factoring, uma ferramenta financeira essencial para empresas que buscam soluções de liquidez e financiamento. O estudo aborda a evolução histórica do factoring, suas funções de financiamento e garantia, e a questão da notificação ao devedor. Além disso, são analisadas as modalidades específicas como o factoring com e sem recurso, factoring interno e internacional, e outras variantes como o undisclosed factoring e bulk factoring. A pesquisa baseia-se em uma análise bibliográfica abrangente de doutrina em português e espanhol. Os resultados destacam a diversidade de modalidades de factoring disponíveis globalmente, com particularidades regionais e setoriais. Este trabalho contribui para a clarificação terminológica e funcional do contrato de factoring, oferecendo uma visão detalhada das suas aplicações práticas e implicações jurídicas.
Derechos de autor 2025 Susana Rodrigues ALDEIA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence and Administrative Discretion in Disciplinary Procedures: Between Technological Efficiency and Legal Limits
Existem procedimentos administrativos que são tramitados, na sua totalidade, de forma automatizada e em que a respetiva decisão é proferida por um algoritmo, através de um ato administrativo eletrónico. Ora sendo o procedimento disciplinar aquele que conduz à eventual aplicação de um ato administrativo de natureza punitiva, muitas vezes cerceador de direitos, liberdades e garantias, para o qual o legislador estabelece garantias acrescidas de defesa, parece-nos de extrema importância analisar a possível adequabilidade da automatização do procedimento disciplinar e a eventual substituição da entidade instrutora por um algoritmo. Acresce que, no domínio do procedimento disciplinar, existem momentos de discricionariedade administrativa, pelo que será igualmente relevante analisar a possibilidade de utilização da automatização no âmbito da discricionáriedade, ensaiando-se a sua aplicação nas diversas formas de atribuição de poder discricionário. Para o efeito analisaremos os laivos de discricionariedade nas diversas fases do procedimento disciplinar, analisando da possibilidade de automatização neste domínio e da viabilidade da produção de um ato administrativo automatizado como resultado do exercício de discricionariedade
Derechos de autor 2025 Bárbara MAGALHÃES, Rosana COSTA, Fátima MATOS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Os sistemas de Inteligência Artificial e o cumprimento dos fatores ESG: perspetiva do Direito das Sociedades
Resumo Com a tecnologia a dominar todos os setores, os sistemas de Inteligência Artificial apresentam-se como oportunidade de melhorar processos e procedimentos e contribuir para um futuro melhor. Na mesma medida, são acompanhados por receios e preocupações. Estamos, pois, ante um desafio enorme: o de saber usar uma ferramenta poderosa, em prol de um mundo melhor, regulando o uso, sem estrangular, no entanto, o seu potencial, cujos limites, na verdade, ainda não são conhecidos. Neste artigo, pretendemos perceber se a utilização dos sistemas de IA pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento sustentável, colaborando nas tomadas de decisão dos gestores no sentido de implementar uma estratégia de governo assente em princípios de transparência, ética e responsabilidade social e ambiental, em cumprimento, além do mais, dos fatores ESG e dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, da Agenda 2030 das Nações Unidas. Palavras-Chave: Inteligência Artificial; ESG; governação das sociedades.
Derechos de autor 2025 Marisa DINIS, Filipe D. BERNARDINO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A A utilização das TIC nas assembleias gerais das sociedades comerciais
O propósito deste artigo é a análise no Código das Sociedades Comerciais (CSC) português da utilização das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC), introduzidas pela reforma efetuada no ano de 2006, no funcionamento da Assembleia Geral (AG) dos sócios. Volvidos praticamente 20 anos, propõe-se um levantamento de questões controversas que resultaram na baixa adesão às TIC pelas sociedades comerciais, destacam-se as suas vantagens e propõem-se soluções para uma melhor utilização.
Derechos de autor 2025 Gabriela TAVARES, Maria João MACHADO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prédios Classificados e a problemática da vigência isentiva de IMI
A complexa vigência da isenção do Imposto Municipal sobre Imóveis aplicável ao património cultural imobiliário português, justifica uma abordagem temática focada no contexto legislativo e a sua confluência com a acessibilidade, pelos titulares matriciais, àquele benefício fiscal. Concomitantemente, os vastos dissídios administrativos e jurisprudenciais potenciados pela tecnicidade jurídico-interpretativa da norma legal, invocam um conciso estudo paradigmático, historicamente retratado, da complexidade do sistema isentivo, o que aqui se faz. E na esteira da compreensão abrangente das disposições legais aplicáveis, também aqui argumenta-se que, e apesar do desiderato legislativo na simplificação do acesso à isenção, persistem ambiguidades e desafios, sublinhando-se, também, a necessidade de maior clareza e harmonização procedimental.
Derechos de autor 2025 Manuel Augusto Correia, Ana Dinis https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Corporate Governance of Charities in Scotland, a case study
This paper examines the governance and accountability of third sector organizations, particularly charities, contrasting their corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices with those of private sector entities. While CSR is widely debated in profit-driven contexts, charitable organizations’ responsibilities toward their communities are not often discussed by lawyers or academics. Charity trustees’ decision-making processes is seldom scrutinised (let alone regulated), which raises critical questions: should this decision-making process be regulated under the same principles of for-profit institutions? Who should oversee these decisions? In Portugal, for example, charity governance lacks legal guidance and is deemed private. This contracts with Scotland’s regulatory framework, where charities are intensely scrutinised and regulated. In Scotland, the Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR), established in 2005, actively supervises trustees, ensuring decisions align with charitable missions, therefore aiming to enhance decision-making efficiency, and enhancing public trust in the third sector. Aiming to shed light on the need for accountability, this article advocates for improved regulatory frameworks which promote efficacy and community benefit in the third sector, proposing Scotland’s model for jurisdictions like Portugal, which will promote public confidence and optimise the societal impact of not-for-profit entities such as charities, foundations or associations, among others.
Derechos de autor 2025 João de Sousa ASSIS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of the criteria for establishing the existence of an employment relationship of platform workers under the Platform Work Directive – high expectations and limited outcome?
In this paper, the author critically analyses and evaluates the content of the adopted Platform Work Directive from the perspective of the content of the criteria for the establishment of a presumption of an employment relationship. In doing so, the author also compares the content of the finally adopted Directive with the initial proposal of the Platform Work Directive in 2021. The author concludes that the criteria set out in the 2021 proposal represented a significant advance in the quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the criteria for establishing the existence of a presumption of an employment relationship of platform workers. However, due to the impossibility of reaching a political compromise, the criteria in question were dropped from the adopted version of the Directive in 2024, leaving only a more abstract and vague formulation for establishing the existence of a presumption of an employment relationship. It is thus left to the Member States to formulate more concretely the substantive criteria for the existence of a presumption of an employment relationship. Finally, the author elaborates on some of the advantages and disadvantages of the adopted content of the Platform Work Directive.
Derechos de autor 2025 Aljoša Polajžar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Theoretical and Legal Characteristics of Investing in post-war Reconstruction Projects in Ukraine
El objetivo del artículo es desarrollar la base conceptual para la formación de un mecanismo complejo de inversión que combine herramientas legales, económicas y organizativas de estimulación de la inversión para la reconstrucción de Ucrania en el período de posguerra. Se aplicaron métodos de conocimiento científico sistémico-estructural, lógico, dialéctico y dogmático, que permitieron un estudio exhaustivo del marco regulatorio, conceptos teóricos y datos empíricos en el campo de la regulación de la actividad inversora. Se definieron marcos conceptuales complejos para estimular la atracción de inversiones en proyectos de reconstrucción en Ucrania después de la guerra, considerando la escala de destrucción de la infraestructura. Se proponen mecanismos y principios específicos que deben aplicarse para garantizar una inversión efectiva y la recuperación de la economía. Se indica la necesidad de un enfoque integral para estimular la inversión en el período de posguerra mediante la aplicación simultánea de mecanismos legales, económicos y organizativos sobre la base de la formación de un clima de inversión favorable. Se enfatizó la importancia de la estimulación prioritaria de las inversiones en la restauración de ciertos sectores de la economía y las regiones afectadas, la atracción equilibrada de capital extranjero y el apoyo a las entidades económicas nacionales, y la estimulación de inversiones "verdes" e innovadoras para el desarrollo sostenible. Se demuestra la conveniencia de descentralizar los poderes en el ámbito de la política de inversiones, de intensificar la cooperación internacional y de crear una imagen positiva de Ucrania como un país atractivo para las inversiones. La novedad científica de este estudio consiste en la formulación de los últimos enfoques conceptuales para estimular las inversiones en las condiciones de la reconstrucción de posguerra, teniendo en cuenta las realidades económicas y los desafíos legales.
Derechos de autor 2025 Vladyslav TEREMETSKYI, Volodymyr USTYMENKO, Olena KUREPINA, Kseniia TOKARIEVA, Mariana MALCHYK, Oleksii FAST, Viktor DOVHAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Is Insolvency Gendered? An analysis of personal debtors’ profiles in Portugal, 2011-2020
Household indebtedness is a phenomenon that cuts across capitalist economies. Women and men face different challenges. The cross-cutting nature of this event can be best understood by an in-depth analysis of social and economic factors contributing to a greater predisposition to situations of imminent insolvency. By developing a statistical analysis of a sample of 641 court decisions in insolvency proceedings from 2011 to 2020 in Portugal, this article aims to explore how women and men are affected by the elaboration of different debt profiles. Our data suggests that women are particularly vulnerable to economic difficulty. Gender inequality in working practices and salaries, unemployment, divorce, health conditions, and the sexual division of domestic and childcare work are phenomena that condition women's ability to pay their debts, making them more exposed to the possibility of defaulting on their loans. The study concludes that gender is an explanatory factor in personal insolvency.
Derechos de autor 2025 Susana Santos, Mara Vicente, Mariana França Gouveia, João Pedro Pinto-Ferreira https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of international humanitarian law in ensuring children's rights in conflict zones
The issue of safeguarding the rights of children in times of armed conflicts persists as one of the most pressing concerns in the realm of international humanitarian law. This holds particularly true in war-torn regions, where children are victims of serious rights violations as a consequence of prolonged crises. Quantitative analysis, comparative analysis of cases, content analysis and surveys were utilized. The study encompasses four primary areas of conflict—Ukraine, Gaza Strip, Syria, and Afghanistan—to evaluate the efficacy of international humanitarian law (IHL) in safeguarding children. The findings reveal significant disparities between global standards and their practical implementation. In Syria alone, more than 25,000 children were killed, and the level of psychological trauma reaches 90%. In Ukraine, more than 2000 children became victims of the war since 2022, and more than 115 thousand people were forcibly displaced. In Gaza Strip, more than 1200 children perished during the escalation of conflict in 2021, and as the years progressed to 2023-2024, the violence continued to intensify. In Afghanistan, after the Taliban came to power, more than 2500 cases of death or mutilation of children were recorded in 2020 apart from systematic restrictions on education for girls.
Derechos de autor 2025 Yurii BUT, Iryna CHURIKOVA, Oleksandra PTASHNYK, Ruslan BESPALENKOV, Ivo SVOBODA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Security of the Eastern Border of the European Union. The Politico-Legal Aspects
When Russia launched a wide-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, it became obvious to the entire European Union that the Russian Federation posed one of the most serious threats to the entire region, including the European Union. Therefore, the countries of the EU's eastern flank have undertaken initiatives to strengthen the defence system of their eastern borders forming also the EU's eastern border. Based on the following methods: legal dogmatic method, legal theoretical method, comparative method, systemic method, qualitative and quantitative analyses supplemented by a historical approach, the article analyses the current security environment of the Baltic States and Poland (as European Union countries). This allowed us to understand the motives behind undertaking the East Shield and Baltic Defence Line initiatives. The main purpose of the article is to analyse the evolution of the European Union's approach to the security of its eastern external border, with particular emphasis on investments in defence infrastructural projects in the Baltic States and Poland.
Derechos de autor 2025 Krzysztof KACZMAREK, Mirosław KARPIUK, Jarosław KOSTRUBIEC https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Impact of Biometric Technologies on the Efficiency of Terrorist Crime Investigation
The relevance of biometric technology in investigating terrorist crimes is increasing due to the rise in global security threats and the need to enhance law enforcement effectiveness. The main goal of this article is to analyze the application of biometric technologies for improving the effectiveness of detecting and apprehending terrorists across different regions of the world. The research methodology includes statistical data analysis, calculation of weighted averages, and scenario forecasting concerning terrorist attacks. The study identifies key factors associated with biometrics, including facial recognition, fingerprint analysis, and retinal scanning technologies, and outlines their potential impact on increasing crime-solving rates. The results show that the use of biometric systems significantly reduces the number of unsolved terrorist crimes, enhances law enforcement coordination, and aids in early threat prevention. The article discusses various challenges countries face in solving crimes, such as underdeveloped infrastructure and inadequate adoption of modern technologies. The practical significance of the study lies in providing recommendations to improve international cooperation and further implement biometric technologies to ensure global security. Future research should focus on exploring new ways of integrating biometric technologies into law enforcement systems and adapting them to evolving threats.
Derechos de autor 2025 Yevhen BONDARENKO, Ivo SVOBODA, Ivan TKACHOV, Oleksandr KOZENKO, Volodymyr VISLOVUKH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Business Ethics in Working Time Management: Social and Environmental Impacts
The management of working time has direct consequences on workers' quality of life and the environment. New work arrangements, such as remote work and the four-day workweek, have been presented as solutions to reconcile business productivity with social and environmental well-being. However, their implementation raises questions about business ethics, equity, and ecological impact. This study examines the relationship between social and environmental sustainability in the context of working time management, exploring the effects of new labor practices on the environment, workers' rights, and corporate policies, while also considering new legislative requirements in corporate sustainability.
Derechos de autor 2025 Amparo SERENO, Tânia de JESUS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Os deveres de transparência dos partidos políticos no Direito espanhol
O presente artigo examina o enquadramento jurídico dos partidos políticos no âmbito subjetivo da Lei espanhola de transparência e acesso à informação pública. Embora incluídos no seu âmbito de aplicação, os partidos apenas estão sujeitos a deveres limitados de publicidade ativa, sem obrigação de resposta a pedidos de informação dos cidadãos. A análise teórica e prática das obrigações de publicidade dos partidos e o seu cumprimento evidencia fragilidades no modelo atual, comprometendo a eficácia da transparência como instrumento para garantir uma verdadeira prestação de contas e prevenir a corrupção no seio das formações políticas.
Derechos de autor 2025 Álvaro González-Juliana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dissociative Identity Disorder and the Law: A Comparative Analysis of Criminal Responsibility in England and Vietnam
Dissociative Identity Disorder presents unique challenges to criminal justice systems, particularly in cases where fragmented identity impairs cognitive awareness or volitional control. This article explores how two contrasting legal systems one common law, one civil law approach the issue of criminal responsibility in defendants diagnosed with DID. Employing a mixed-method strategy that combines doctrinal and comparative legal analysis with an empirical survey of 372 individuals using the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II), the study highlights the limitations of binary models of capacity and the under-recognition of partial mental impairment. It argues for a functional, capacity-based framework that assesses the cognitive and volitional state of the operative identity at the time of the offence. The article recommends legal reforms to incorporate intermediate responsibility categories, enhance forensic standards, and permit adversarial testing of psychiatric evidence. These findings contribute to the evolving discourse on mental health and criminal culpability, offering comparative insights for more proportionate and scientifically informed adjudication
Derechos de autor 2025 Duy Thuyen TRINH, Thi Cam Ha DINH, Thi Ngoc Kim TRAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
“NÃO SEI PARA ONDE VOU, SEI QUE (NÃO) VOU POR AÍ”: ALGUMAS NOTAS SOBRE AS OPORTUNIDADES, OS DESAFIOS E OS LIMITES DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL NO ESPECTRO DO DIREITO ADMINISTRATIVO
O presente texto, não deixando de ancorar-se numa visão personalista-humanista, procura perscrutar das possibilidades de aplicação da inteligência artificial no espectro do Direito Administrativo, designadamente no contexto da atividade administrativa, traçando em simultâneo algumas linhas gerais relativas aos limites e às garantias que o próprio Direito Administrativo oferece, ou pode oferecer, em face da utilização dessa inquietante ferramenta. Ainda, procurar-se-á avançar com alguns dos principais desafios que a IA coloca, incluindo questões relativas à ética e soberania digitais e ao ensino e à investigação jus administrativista.
Derechos de autor 2025 João VILAS BOAS PINTO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
El renombre de las marcas en Portugal y España
El principio de especialidad es uno de los pilares sobre los que se sostienen los sistemas de protección de marcas. En contra de las reglas generales, la excepción legal a dicho principio que supone el renombre confiere a los titulares de este tipo de marcas unas facultades exorbitantes frente a terceros para impedir el registro de marcas idénticas o similares a las propias, así como el uso de las mismas. En este artículo se realiza un análisis de derecho comparado en el ámbito civil-mercantil entre los sistemas de protección nacional de marcas de Portugal y de España, siendo ambos países Estados miembros de la Unión Europea y considerando la Directiva (UE) 2015/2436 la necesidad de establecer la misma protección para las marcas registradas entre todos ellos. El estudio se centra en las semejanzas y diferencias entre los sistemas nacionales seleccionados a la hora de establecer la citada excepción al principio mencionado, evaluando si las divergencias son de tal entidad que puedan afectar a la armonización pretendida.
Derechos de autor 2025 Enrique FERNÁNDEZ DE MADARIA , Sonia DE CARVALHO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
O presente artigo propõe-se a refletir sobre o artigo 26.º da Constituição da República Portuguesa, em especial na sua formulação inicial do número 1, relativo ao direito à identidade pessoal e à livre formação da personalidade. Considera-se (i) que a questão da identidade de género compreende um elemento psicológico e um elemento sociopolítico, ambos de natureza pós-modernista, com manifestações no quotidiano dos sujeitos; (ii) que esta problemática inscreve-se no princípio axial da dignidade humana; e (iii) que a identidade pessoal e a livre formação da personalidade só podem ser plenamente garantidas mediante uma leitura constitucional assente no primado da liberdade e da igualdade positiva (não discriminação), o que implica o reconhecimento da identidade de género como bem jurídico digno de proteção específica. Nesse sentido, discute-se a possibilidade de integração da identidade de género no catálogo dos direitos fundamentais, mesmo sem menção expressa no texto constitucional, à luz do princípio da dignidade humana como valor jurídico absoluto.
Derechos de autor 2025 João FERREIRA DIAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Transitional Justice as an opportunity for decriminalisation of sexual and gender minorities in The Gambia
The aim of this study is to assess the opportunity offered by Transitional Justice mechanisms in The Gambia for the recognition of violence against LGBT people and to foster a path toward decriminalisation of same-sex intimacy. Under Yayah Jammeh rule, the violence against LGBT as a pattern of persecution and hatred. The State persecution policy placed the country as one of the most intolerant African nations against LGBT people. The outcome of the 2016 Gambian elections changed the course of politics in Gambia, and in 2018 a Truth and Reconciliation Commission was installed to deal with a past of violence and autocracy, in 2018. This article aims to map the developments regarding violence against LGBT people and highlights the importance to include all forms of violence as a healing strategy in transitional justice. Also, it aims to assess how effective may be these mechanisms to decriminalisation of same-sex acts in transitional societies.
Derechos de autor 2025 Rui GARRIDO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
El El discurso de odio en el ordenamiento jurídico portugués
El presente artículo intenta esclarecer de qué manera el ordenamiento jurídico portugués prevé y prohíbe aquellos discursos y conductas expresivas comúnmente denominados discurso de odio. Se constata que la legislación portuguesa en esta materia es multifacética, compleja y no está exenta de cierta ambigüedad ni de posibles conflictos con principios y garantías constitucionalmente reconocidos.
Derechos de autor 2025 Davide ARGIOLAS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Legal Mechanisms for Protecting Migrants’ Labour Rights in Host Countries
This article examines the legal mechanisms available to protect migrant workers’ labour rights in host countries. The study aims to critically assess international instruments, regional frameworks, and national legislation governing migrants’ rights, with attention to gaps in their harmonisation and enforcement. A mixed-methods approach was adopted, combining comparative legal analysis of fifteen key legal instruments, thirty expert interviews, and statistical data from international and national sources. The results indicate significant variation in the protection of migrant workers’ rights. Germany demonstrates full compliance with ILO Conventions Nos. 97 and 143, while Italy, the United States, and Brazil display partial compliance with weak enforcement in specific sectors. The United Arab Emirates remains non-compliant, with restrictive regimes such as the Kafala system severely limiting rights. Expert interviews highlighted persistent enforcement gaps, the vital role of civil society organisations, and barriers to accessing justice. Statistical analysis confirmed that stronger legal frameworks and enforcement mechanisms reduce labour rights violations, particularly wage disputes and workplace discrimination. The study concludes that effective protection of migrant workers requires not only legislative incorporation of international norms but also robust enforcement, judicial remedies, and institutional independence. Legal reforms are proposed to strengthen the incorporation of core ILO and UN conventions into domestic law, establish specialised labour courts, regulate digital labour platforms, and extend protections to undocumented and informal-sector workers. These findings provide a legal basis for future reforms at both national and transnational levels, contributing to more consistent and equitable protection of migrant workers.
Derechos de autor 2025 Volodymyr ARTEMOV, Olena SIMONENKO, Vitalii ZHALUBAK, Oleksandr MYKHAILYK, Nataliia BORSUK https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Administrative and Legal Regulation of the Electronic Identification of Citizens
The relevance of researching administrative and legal regulation of electronic identification of citizens is due to the rapid spread of digital services and the regulatory inconsistency of Ukrainian legislation with the challenges of the digital environment. The study aims to outline ways to improve the legal regulation of electronic identification, taking into account national and international practices, judicial developments, and technical standards. The study utilizes a theoretical-legal analysis of the laws of Ukraine, Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Germany, France, and the U.S.; an analysis of 8 rulings from Ukraine's Supreme and Constitutional Courts; a content analysis of the activities of specialized agencies (Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine, National Bank of Ukraine, SE “Diia”, Central Certification Authority); and a comparative law approach. The findings revealed that Ukraine's legal framework has systemic flaws, is not harmonised with eIDAS, and its case law is legally fragmented. The scientific novelty of this study is its holistic analysis of the legal, institutional, and technical aspects of digital identification. Future research directions include examining biometric models, the use of artificial intelligence in the legal field, and the digital divide in access to electronic services.
Derechos de autor 2025 Oleh PREDMESTNIKOV, Tetyana KAGANOVSKA, Iryna PAKHOMOVA, Anastasiia OREL, Kateryna ROHOZINNIKOVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Workers under the aegis of Artificial Intelligence: New Risks and Challenges in the Light of Data Protection
This article analyses the impact of the advance of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace, considering human rights and the protection of personal data, in light of the Data Protection Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Regulation. AI improves efficiency, productivity and safety at work, replacing dangerous tasks and promoting the dignity of workers. However, the uncontrolled use of these technologies raises concerns about privacy and the protection of personal data, especially in the labour context. The study highlights the importance of organisations adopting a culture of responsibility and regulatory compliance, guaranteeing respect for workers' rights when collecting, processing and storing data. It also discusses the legal challenges, reinforcing the responsibility of organisations to manage AI ethically and legally, in accordance with labour and data protection law. The results highlight the need to reflect on the impact of AI systems on workers' privacy, requiring public policies to minimize the challenges faced by organizations.
Derechos de autor 2025 Elisabete SANTOS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Ineligibility to hold public office following a insolvency declaration – a materially unconstitutional measure?
O presente texto apresenta uma interpretação sobre a inelegibilidade contemplada na alínea a) do n.º 2 do artigo 6.º da Lei Eleitoral dos Órgãos das Autarquias Locais (LEOAL), relacionada com a declaração de insolvência de um devedor que pretenda assumir a titularidade de um cargo de um órgão das autarquias locais. Cogita-se a hipótese de ter ocorrido a revogação tácita do disposto na alínea a) do n.º 2 do artigo 6.º da LEOAL. Em todo o caso, a posição defendida centra-se na conclusão de que, com o encerramento do processo de insolvência, o devedor insolvente, cuja insolvência é qualificada como fortuita, vê os efeitos decorrentes da declaração de insolvência cessarem, incluindo a limitação aos seus direitos políticos imposta pela LEOAL quanto à capacidade eleitoral passiva. Não se admite a excepção de que, se o devedor requerer o benefício da exoneração do passivo restante (EPR), por se iniciar uma nova fase procedimental «semi-judiciária» com a imposição de deveres e obrigações ao devedor insolvente, este ficará limitado até à prolação da decisão final de concessão da exoneração do passivo restante. As obrigações que decorrem para o devedor durante o período de cessão não afectam a sua isenção e independência no exercício de cargos públicos. Conclui-se, portanto, que a qualificação como fortuita da insolvência do devedor corresponde à reabilitação a que alude n.º 2 do artigo 6.º da LEOAL.
Derechos de autor 2025 José SILVA LOPES https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The justification of the loser-pays principle in civil litigation
In civil procedure, there are two main cost allocation rules: the English Rule and the American Rule. The English Rule, also known as the loser-pays principle, stipulates that the losing party must pay all legal expenses. The American Rule states that each party must pay their own attorney fees, regardless of the outcome of the proceedings. This paper critically reviews the primary theories supporting the loser-pays principle in civil litigation, including the theories of strict liability, compensation, procedural risk and policy, and the theory of the initiation of unnecessary costs. According to the teleological approach, which focuses on how litigation costs restrict the right to access to justice, the theory of initiation of unnecessary costs provides the most appropriate foundation for the loser-pays principle. This theory stems from the principle of economy of proceedings, which specifies effective legal protection by identifying the losing party as the party that caused unnecessary litigation costs, which are then logically imposed on that party.
Derechos de autor 2025 Anastasia DOUKA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Protection of Family Rights: National and International Legal Aspects in the Context of Digital Transformation
The aim of the study was to identify the effectiveness of digital and procedural mechanisms for the protection of family rights in four countries (Ukraine, Poland, Germany, and Italy), taking into account the influence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) practice and the provisions of private international law. It was found that a full-fledged online marriage registration functions only in Ukraine through the Diia platform, which has legal force, while in Germany, Poland, and Italy digital services are limited to the preliminary submission of applications without legal completion of the procedure. In the field of protection of family rights, the average time for considering cases in simplified proceedings is from 60 to 120 days, and the scope of judicial control varies significantly: from minimal in Ukraine to strict in Germany. The comparative analysis showed that mediation is mandatory in family disputes in Germany and Italy, partially regulated in Poland and voluntary in Ukraine, which affects the speed and quality of reaching an agreement between the parties. The practical significance is determined by the development of proposals for harmonizing approaches to digital interaction, procedural simplification and taking into account the specifics of mobile categories of persons in national legislation.
Derechos de autor 2025 Liliya RADCHENKO, Zhanna VASYLIEVA-SHALAMOVA, Oksana HRABOVSKA, Oksana ZALIZKO, Olena ZAKHAROVA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lecciones para Kazajstán de las prácticas internacionales en la regulación del juego
Background. Since 2007 Kazakhstan has progressively modernized gambling regulation; major amendments in 2023–2025 tightened market access, taxation and player protection. Objective. To assess alignment with international good practices and derive evidence‑informed policy options. Methods. Explanatory mixed‑methods study combining doctrinal analysis of Kazakh and foreign frameworks with a comparative panel (2019–2025) on market size, tax intake, enforcement and harm‑reduction coverage. Results. The legal market expanded, while enforcement against illegal operators intensified (more site/payment blocking and fewer recorded illegal‑gambling cases). Protection tools scaled up (debt‑registry based restrictions and self‑exclusion); tax policy moved toward GGR‑based models. International experience associates balanced GGR taxation, strict advertising rules, robust self‑exclusion, and coordinated website/payment blocking with better “channelization” and harm reduction. Conclusions. A policy mix combining competitive GGR‑based taxation, comprehensive player‑protection architecture, strong enforcement and systematic monitoring appears most consistent with public‑interest goals. Policy implications. Priority actions are: rationalize tax instruments; extend and unify self‑exclusion with data‑protection safeguards; enhance inter‑agency coordination; implement data‑driven monitoring and evaluation; and strengthen public‑interest communication.
Derechos de autor 2025 Yermek BURIBAYEV, Zhanna KHAMZINA, Kuralay TURLYKHANKYZY https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Os Principais Problemas na Aplicação do RFAI
A aplicação do Regime Fiscal de Apoio ao Investimento (RFAI) induz muita litigância. No Centro de Arbitragem Administrativa (CAAD), em 2024, foram decididos 43 casos. Dos 31 casos relevantes para a nossa análise, os principais focos de conflito entre a Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (AT) e os contribuintes são a elegibilidade da atividade económica, a criação de emprego e o aumento da capacidade produtiva. Recorrendo à análise documental de conteúdo, este texto procura identificar as questões controvertidas em cada uma dessas três categorias, analisando os argumentos apresentados pela AT e pelos sujeitos passivos, assim como o sentido das respetivas decisões arbitrais e a lógica jurídico-económica que lhes subjaz.
Derechos de autor 2025 Ana FERNANDES, Daniel TABORDA, António MARTINS https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0