Indirect Consequences of Armed Conflicts in Children

Ana Carolina Alves; Elsa  Machado Guimarães; Mariana Sousa Santos; Maria  Manuel Zarcos

Authors

Ana Carolina Alves Pediatric Department, Unidade Local de Saúde Região de Leiria https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9614-1628
Elsa Machado Guimarães Pediatric Department, Unidade Local de Saúde Região de Leiria
Mariana Sousa Santos Pediatric Department, Unidade Local de Saúde Região de Leiria https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1792-9348
Maria Manuel Zarcos Pediatric Department, Unidade Local de Saúde Região de Leiria https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6851-0048

Keywords:

armed conflict, child, children, indirect consequences, pediatric, war

Abstract

Introduction: The world has witnessed an increase in armed conflicts, with more than 100 active conflicts currently spread across all continents. The conflict between Russia and Ukraine represents the largest armed conflict in Europe since World War II, while the recent escalation between Israel and Gaza has triggered an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. Children living in conflict-affected areas constitute one of the most vulnerable populations.
Objectives: The purpose of this review is to understand the indirect consequences of armed conflicts on the pediatric population and to compile the most up-to-date and relevant evidence on this subject. It aims to make health care professionals aware of the subject.
Development: A narrative review of the literature was conducted including articles published between 2017 and 2024 addressing the indirect effects of armed conflicts on children and adolescents. The reviewed literature highlights significant social consequences, including displacement, family separation, sexual violence, child abuse, and disruption of education. Public health impacts include reduced access to healthcare, increased infectious diseases, vaccination gaps, malnutrition, and environmental contamination. Additionally, neonatal, neuroendocrine, and psychological consequences with long-term implications for development and mental health are consistently reported.
Conclusions: Armed conflicts have profound and lasting indirect effects on children’s health, development and well-being. Increasing awareness and preparedness among healthcare professionals is essential to ensure early identification of risk, adequate care, and appropriate long-term follow-up of war-affected and refugee children.

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References

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Indirect Consequences of Armed Conflicts in Children

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