Genética e Dieta Mediterrânica: Qual o Risco para a Degenerescência Macular da Idade?

Autores

  • Patrícia Barreto AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3375-551X
  • Cláudia Farinha AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4596-0913
  • Rita Coimbra AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal
  • Maria Luz Cachulo AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0900-4548
  • Joana Barbosa Melo Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Center of Investigation in Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal
  • Yara Lechanteur Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • Carel B. Hoyng Department of Ophthalmology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
  • José Cunha-Vaz AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-9850
  • Rufino Silva AIBILI - Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine; University of Coimbra, Portugal. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8676-0833

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48560/rspo.28246

Palavras-chave:

Portugal, Degenerescência Macular/dietoterapia, Degenerescência Macular/ genética, Dieta Mediterrânica, Estilo de Vida, Factores de Risco

Resumo

INTRODUÇÃO: A degenerescência macular da idade (DMI) é uma doença degenerativa da mácula, responsável por perda de visão grave. Factores genéticos e ambientais podem contribuir para a doença. Alguns estudos já sugeriram que a dieta mediterrância pode ser protectora da do- ença, mas o estudo da interacção entre a dieta e a genética é limitado.

O nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da adesão à dieta mediterrânica na DMI, estratificado por risco genético para a doença, numa população portuguesa bem caracterizada.

MÉTODOS: Os participantes fizeram exames oftalmológicos e responderam a questionários de frequência alimentar e de estilo de vida. A adesão à dieta mediterrânica foi medida com o me- diSCORE, que varia entre 0 (baixa adesão) e 9 (alta adesão). O valor total do mediSCORE foi calcu- lado individualmente, como a soma dos valores dos 9 grupos alimentares nos quais os alimentos do questionário foram organizados. Um valor de cut-off ≥6 foi utilizado para determinar adesão alta. A classificação das imagens foi feita com a Classificação de Roterdão. A análise genética foi realizada em colaboração com The European Eye Epidemiology Consortium. O risco genético foi calculado com um score, individualmente, considerando o número de alelos de cada variante e o seu tamanho de efeito. Foram calculados os odds ratio (OR) para a desão à dieta mediterrância estratificados por risco genético, ajustados à idade, sexo, exercício físico e hábitos tabágicos.

RESULTADOS: Os participantes com alto risco genético para a DMI beneficiaram da alta adesão à dieta mediterrânica, com uma redução de cerca de 60% no risco (OR=0,386, 95%CI 0,182- 0,821, p=0,013). Os participantes com baixo risco genético apresentaram uma redução no risco, mas não estatisticamente significativa (OR=0,435, 95% CI 0,177-1,072, p=0,070). Nos participantes com alto risco genético, a idade aumentou o risco de DMI em 2 a 3 vezes, nos intervalos 70-75 anos (p=0,034) e >75 anos (p<0,001), respectivamente. Hábitos tabágicos aumentaram o risco (OR=2,165), não significamente (p=0,068). O exercício físico foi protector para a doença (OR=0,564, p=0,035).

CONCLUSÃO: A genética e a dieta mediterrânica interagem para o aparecimento da DMI, sugerindo que diferentes factores de risco, ambientais e genéticos, podem associar-se no desen- volvimento do risco para a doença.

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Publicado

2023-03-28

Como Citar

Barreto, P., Farinha, C., Coimbra, R., Cachulo, M. L., Barbosa Melo , J. ., Lechanteur , Y. ., B. Hoyng , C. ., Cunha-Vaz, J., & Silva, R. (2023). Genética e Dieta Mediterrânica: Qual o Risco para a Degenerescência Macular da Idade?. Revista Sociedade Portuguesa De Oftalmologia, 47(1), 33–40. https://doi.org/10.48560/rspo.28246

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