Bioremediation of copper contaminated areas

Abstract

Copper is an essential micronutrient to all living organisms, although in high concentrations it can cause environmental problems. Vineyard areas are potential copper-contaminated sites due to intense and constant use of sprays contai­ning copper in formulation. Copper mining waste areas also have high copper concentrations with high potential to contaminate adjacent areas. Use of efficient techniques for remediation of these areas is necessary to reduce negative impacts and improve environmental conditions. Organisms such as plants, fungus and bacteria are efficient alternatives and coast-friendly to all involved parts. The objective of this review is to discuss the main aspects of bioremediation of copper-contaminated areas and show some research aspects to optimize the process. Bioremediation of contaminated areas can be more efficient when efficient and resistant microorganisms isolated from copper-contaminated areas are used together with copper hyperaccumulator plants.