Where the fields have no name

Urban-rural transitions in the Lisbon Region planning history

Authors

Keywords:

Lisbon Region, urban-rural, Miguel Jacobetty Rosa, João Guilherme Faria da Costa, João António Aguiar, planning, food system

Abstract

This paper discusses the existing urban-rural dichotomy in Portuguese urban planning, assuming its importance on food-provision, a basic human need. Our analysis stems from an historical overview at two scales, regional and municipal, within the Lisbon Region. Specifically, we identify key changes between two time-periods: the mid-twentieth century, when design-based planning was established in Portugal for larger settlements, and nowadays, when it covers the totality of the national territory, based on land-use. We review these strategies, assessing what approaches would best encompass a sustainable transition of the food system. We start with the scheme of regional radial axis by architect Étienne de Gröer in contrast with the 2002 Lisbon Regional Plan. We furthermore expose two urbanization plans from 1940s: that of Vila Franca de Xira (1946) by Miguel Jacobetty and Faria da Costa and that of Palmela (1948) by João António Aguiar. Such plans, highly representative of the planning practices of that era, are then compared with their contemporary counterparts and subsequently with samples of their physical impacts on the ground, based on a morphological analysis of settlements and productive spaces in urban and rural contexts. Finally, we identify key changes for better use of productive soils within the Lisbon Region, considering challenges posed by international and national agendas.

References

Abrantes, P., I. Fontes, E. Gomes, J. Rocha (2016). “Compliance of land cover changes with municipal land use planning: Evidence from the Lisbon metropolitan region (1990–2007)”. Land Use Policy 51: 120-134.
Aguiar, J.A. (1948). Anteplano geral de urbanização de Palmela. Arquivo Municipal de Palmela [typescript].
Aguiar, J.A. (1954). Anteplano geral de urbanização de Palmela – remodelação. Arquivo Municipal de Palmela [typescript].
Anastácio, M. (2008) Território e Identidade: aspectos morfológicos da construção do território e a identidade cultural saloia no Concelho de Cascais.Unpublished Master Thesis in Architecture. Lisboa: ISCTE.
Barles, S. (2007). Urban metabolism and river systems: an historical perspective – Paris and the Seine, 1790–1970. Hydrology Earth System Sciences, 1757–1769(11)
Bartlett, J. (2017). Radicals. London: Windmill.
Barton, H. (1998). “Eco‐neighbourhoods: A review of projects”. Local Environment, 3:2, 159-177.
Comissão Coordenadora do Desenvolvimento Regional de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo (2002). Plano Regional de Ordenamento do Território – AML. Lisbon: AML.
Câmara Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira. 2009. Plano Director Municipal de Vila Franca de Xira. Aviso n.20905/2009. Diário da República, 2.ª série — N.224 — 18 Novembro.
Câmara Municipal de Palmela. 1997. Plano Director Municipal de Palmela. Resolução do Conselho de Ministros n.115/97. Diário da República I Série – B. N.156 — 9 Setembro.
Cattaneo, C. (2015). “Eco-communities”. G. D’Alisa, F. Demaria, & G. Kallis (Eds.), Degrowth. London: Routledge, 165-168.
Cohen, N. and R. Ilieva (2015). “Transitioning the food system: A strategic practice management approach for cities”. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. DOI: 10.1016/j.eist.2015.01.003
Conzen, M.R.G. (1960). Alnwick, Northumberland. London: Institute of British Geographers.
Decreto-Lei 196/1989 de 14 de Junho, Regime jurídico da RAN. Diário da República n.º 134/1989, Série I. Ministério da Agricultura, Pescas e Alimentação
Decreto-Lei 48/98 de 11 de Agosto, Lei de bases da política de ordenamento do território e do urbanismo. Diário da República n.º 222/1999, Série I-A. Ministério do Equipamento, do Planeamento e da Administração do Território.
Decreto-Lei 199/2015 de 16 de Setembro. Regime jurídico da RAN. Diário da República n.º 181/2015, Série I de 2015-09-16. Ministério da Agricultura e do Mar.
Direção-Geral do Território. (2019). Programa Nacional da Política de Ordenamento do Território - Primeira Revisão baseada na lei no 99/2019.
D’Alisa, G., F. Demaria, G. Kallis (2015). Degrowth: a vocabulary for a new era. London: Routledge.
d’Almeida, P.B. (2015). Bairro(s) do Restelo. Lisbon: Caleidoscópio.
Estêvão, A.L.G.B. (2015). A incerteza no processo urbano. Unpublished PhD thesis, Universitat de Barcelona.
Ferreira, B.M. (2015). (In)formar a cidade contemporânea. Unpublished MSc thesis, ISCTE-IUL.
Ferreira, A. F. & A. Lucas (2002) ‘Área Metropolitana de Lisboa – dar vida aos subúrbios’. Sociedade e Território 33: 36- 45.
Filipe, M. (2014). Aldeias Abandonadas na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Lisbon: Novas Edições Académicas.
Firth, R. (2012). “Transgressing urban utopanism: Autonomy and active desire”. Geografiska Annaler Series B, 94(2): 89-106.
Fischer-Kowalski, M. & W. Haas (2014). Exploring the transformation of human labour in relation to socio-ecological transitions. M. Beblavý, I. Maselli, M. Veselková (eds). The future of labour in Europe, vol.1. Brussels: CEPS.
Fischer-Kowalski, M. & H. Weisz (2016). “The Archipelago of Social Ecology andthe Island ofthe Vienna School”. H. Haberl, M.Fischer-Kowalski, F.Krausmann, V.Winiwarter (eds) Social Ecology. Switzerland: Springer, 3-28.
Gu, K., Y. Li, X. Zheng (2019). “A typological approach to planning”. Journal of Urbanism, 12(4): 373-392.
Hass, T. & H. Westlund (eds.) (2018). In the Post-Urban World. London: Routledge.
Ibañez, D. & N. Katsikis (eds.) (2014). Grounding metabolism. New Geographies, 6.
INE (Instituto Nacional de Estatística). 2017. Área Metropolitana de Lisboa em números/ in figures 2015. Lisbon: Instituto Nacional de Estatística.
Isidoro, I., T. Marat-Mendes, V. Tângari (2018). "The Portuguese railway in time and space". Planning Perspectives, 33:3, 363-384.
Jacobetty, M. & J.G.F. Costa, 1946a - Anteplano de Urbanização de Vila Franca de Xira - relatório. Arquivo do Forte de Sacavém – GFC 12-38-162.
Jacobetty, M. & J.G.F. Costa, 1946b - Anteplano de Urbanização de Vila Franca de Xira - regulamento. Arquivo do Forte de Sacavém – GFC 12-38-162.
Kanter, R.M. (1972). Commitment and Community: Communes and Utopias in Sociological Perspective. Harvard University Press.
Kropf, K. (1996). “An alternative approach to zoning in France”. European Planning Studies, 4(6): 717-737.
Lôbo, M.S. (1995). Planos de Urbanização: A época de Duarte Pacheco. Porto: FAUP.
Lopes, R.G. (1991). Planeamento municipal e intervenção autárquica no desenvolvimento local. Lisbon: Escher.
Ministério da Agricultura, do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas (2009). Decreto-Lei 73/2009.
Marat-Mendes, T. & V. Oliveira (2013). “Urban planners in Portugal in the middle of the twentieth century: Étienne de Groër and Antão Almeida Garrett”. Planning Perspectives, 28(1): 91-111.
Marat-Mendes, T., Mourão, J., Bento d’Almeida, P., Niza, S. (2015) – Water and Agriculture Atlas: Lisbon Region in 1900-1940. Lisbon: ISCTE-IUL, DINÂMIA’CET-IUL.
Marat-Mendes, T., M.F. Ferreiro, I. Salavisa, S. Santos (2018) “The importance of interdisciplinary approach to urban agriculture and transitions in food systems: research on Lisbon Metropolitan Area”. Connections and missing links within urban agriculture, food and food systems. Lisbon: CICS.NOVA e RUAF-Foundation, 17-20.
Moorcroft, C. (ed.)(1972). “Designing for survival”. Designing for survival. Architectural Design, July: 413-433.
Mourão, J. & T. Marat-Mendes (2016). "Urban planning and territorial management in Portugal – Antecedents and impacts of the 2008 financial and economic crisis." J. Knieling & F. Othengraffen (eds) Cities in Crisis. London: Routledge, 157-171.
Naredo, J. & Valero, A. (Eds.) (1999) Desarrollo Económico Y Deterioro Ecológico. Madrid: Fundación Argentaria - Visor.
Oliveira, V. (2006). “The morphological dimension of municipal plans”. Urban Morphology, 10(2):101-113.
Oliveira, R. (2014). O sistema alimentar urbano daárea metropolitana de lisboa - análise e diagnóstico. Lisbon: CICS.NOVA.
Oliveira, R., S. Amâncio, L. Fadigas (2017). Alfaces na Avenida. Lisbon: Colégio 3F.
Parham, S. (2015). Food and urbanism. London: Bloomsbury.
Pereira, M. (ed) (2009). O Plano de urbanização da Costa do Sol – uma visão inovadora para o território. Oeiras: CMOeiras.
Pothukuchi, K.& Kaufman, J. (2000). "The food system – a stranger in the planning field." Journal of the American Planning Association 66 (2): 113-124
Rogers, R. (1997) Cities for a small planet. London: Faber & Faber.
Rosas, F. (1996). O Estado Novo nos Anos 30. Lisbon: Estampa.
Salvador, M.S. & M.R. Oliveira (2015). “Abastecimento alimentar de Lisboa: perspectivas do passado”, proceedings of X Congresso de Geografia Portuguesa. Lisbon, FCSH - NOVA: September 9th to 12th 2015, p. 182-187.
Samuels, I. & L. Pattacini (1997). “From description to prescription: reflections on the use of a morphological approach in design guidance”. Urban Design International, 2(2): 81-91.
Scitaroci, M.O. & M. Maric (2019). “Morphological characteristics of green spaces in fortified towns and cities”. Urban Morphology, 23(1): 27-44.
Silva, C.N. (1994) Política Urbana em Lisboa 1926-1974. Lisbon: Horizonte.
Sioen, G., Terada, T., Yokohari, M. (2016) Sustainability science as the next step in urban planning and design. In Esteban, M., Akiyama, T., Chen, C., Ikeda, I. and Mino, T. (Eds). Sustainability Science: Field Methods and Exercises. Switzerland: Springer: 117-135.
Slater, T (2020). “Green spaces in fortified towns and cities”. Urban Morphology, 24(1): 103-105.
Solans, J. (2002). ‘La Dinámica de la ocupación del solo em Lisboa.’ Sociedade e Território 33: 163- 171
Sonnino, R. (2013). ‘Local foodscapes: place and power in the agri-food system’, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B — Soil & Plant Science 63(1): 2-7.
Spaargaren, G., P. Oosterveer, A. Loeber (eds.) (2012). Food Practices in Transition. London: Routledge.
Steel, C. (2008). Hungry City. London: Vintage.
Talixa, J. (2005). “A história da Companhia das Lezírias”. Público, 12 de Maio - https://www.publico.pt/2005/05/12/jornal/a-historia-da-companhia-das-lezirias-20237
Tenedório, J.A. (2003). Atlas da Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Lisboa: AML.
Varela, R. (2019). A people’s history of the Portuguese Revolution. London: Pluto.
Varela, R. & F.A. Demier (2015). “The Development of Portuguese Capitalism (XIX–XX): Economics and Politics”. Critique, 43(3-4): 421-437.
Weaver, C. (1984). Regional Development and the Local Community: Planning, Politics and Social Context. London: Wyley.
Whitehand, J.W.R. (2019). “Green space in urban morphology: a historicogeographical approach”. Urban Morphology, 23(1): 5-17.
Whitehand, J.W.R. (2020). “Green space, fringe belts and the historico-geographical structure of cities”. Urban Morphology, 24(1): 105-106.
Zhang, Y. (2019). “A spatio-temporal study of fringe-belts and urban green spaces in Birmingham, UK”. Urban Morphology, 23(1): 18-26.

Downloads

Published

2020-12-30

Issue

Section

Dossier Articles