Entre “guetos”, “espaços seguros” e “gaytrificação”
Explorando as especificidades dos bairros LGBT na Europa do Sul
Palavras-chave:
bairros gay, cidades de bairros, LGBT, gaytrificação, Lisboa, MadridResumo
Nas últimas décadas, os "bairros LGBT" ou "gays villages" têm ganho uma proeminência particular e têm vindo a distinguir-se pelas suas características próprias dentro das cidades, representando espaços seguros para a expressão e negociação das identidades, individuais e coletivas, bem como para a afirmação política de comunidades LGBT e identidades queer. Tal como outros territórios que têm sido destacados impulsionadores da revitalização urbana dos centros das cidades, como os bairros culturais e criativos ou os espaços multiculturais, estas zonas distinguem-se pelas práticas sociais dos seus utilizadores e habitantes, pelas especificidades da sua atividade económica, ou pelo seu contributo para a criatividade e integração social. Mais do que guetos comunitários, essas áreas têm sido caracterizadas pela sua abertura e vitalidade, promovendo a coexistência de diversos estilos de vida, trajetórias e identidades, mas também pela contribuição das pessoas LGBT para a gentrificação destes bairros através da sua forte presença comercial, residencial e simbólica.
Partindo de uma pesquisa empírica desenvolvida em Lisboa (bairro do Príncipe Real) e em Madrid (bairro da Chueca), baseada em entrevistas em profundidade a residentes LGBT e na observação participante desenvolvida nos dois bairros, este artigo caracteriza as principais trajetórias de evolução e especificidades desses dois bairros. É efetuada uma análise que confronta as características e contingências destes territórios com outros casos previamente estudados na literatura, identificando a existência de diferenças substantivas e sugerindo evidência de especificidades significativas, que poderão representar uma abordagem "sul-europeia" à realidade das "gay villages ". São extraídos alguns princípios genéricos de atuação para o planeamento urbano.
Referências
Abraham, J. (2009) Metropolitan Lovers – The Homosexuality of Cities, Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press.
Aldrich, R. (2004) “Homosexuality and the City: An Historical Overview”, Urban Studies, vol. 41 (9), pp. 1719-1737
Becker, H. S. (1963 (2009)) Outsiders: Estudos de sociologia do desvio, Rio de Janeiro, Zahar (trad. ed. 1991).
Bell, D., Binnie, J. (2004) “Autenticating queer space: citizenship, urbanism and governance”, Urban Studies, vol. 41 (9), pp. 1807-1820.
Bell, D., Jayne, M. (eds) (2004), City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Bell, D., Valentine, G. (eds) (1995) Mapping Desire, geographies of sexualities, London: Routledge.
Binnie, J. (1995) “Trading Places: Consumption, Sexuality and the Production of Queer Space”, in D. Bell, G. Valentine (eds) Mapping Desire, geographies of sexualities, London: Routledge, pp. 182-199
Binnie, J. (2004) “Quartering Sexualities: Gay Villages and Sexual Citizenship”, in D. Bell, M. Jayne (eds), City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 163-172.
Binnie, J., Valentine, G. (1999) “Geographies of Sexuality – a Review of Progress.”, Progress in Human Geography, 23 (2) (June 1): 175-187.
Boyd, N. A. (2011) “San Francisco's Castro district: from gay liberation to tourist destination”, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 9:3, pp. 237-248.
Brown, M.; Knopp, L. (2004), “Queer Cultural Geographies – We’re Here! We’re Queer! We’re Over There, Too”, in K. Andersen, M. Domosh, S. Pile, N. Thrift (eds), Handbook of Cultural Geography, London: Sage, pp. 313-324.
Camagni, R., Maillat, D., Matteacciolli, A. (eds) (2004), Ressources naturelles et culturelles, milieux et développement local, Neuchatel: EDES.
Castells, M. (1983) The city and the grassroots, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Castells, M., Murphy, K. (1982) “Cultural identity and urban structure: the spatial organisation of San Francisco’s gay community”, in N. Feinstein, S. Feinstein (eds.) Urban Policy under Capitalism, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 237-259.
Caves, R. (2002) Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chisholm, D. (2005) Queer Constellations – Subcultural Space in the Wake of the City, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Collins, A. (Ed.) (2006) Cities of Pleasure: Sex and the Urban Socialscape, London and New York: Routledge.
Cooke, P., Lazzeretti, L. (eds.) (2008) Creative Cities, Cultural Clusters and Local Development, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Gato, M. A. (2015) “O consumo de espaços residenciais para além dos valores económicos”, Sociologia, Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Número temático – Práticas de consumo: valores e orientações, 2015, pp. 67-92.
Gieseking, J. J. (2013) “Queering the Meaning of ‘Neighbourhood’: Reinterpreting the Lesbian-Queer Experience of Park Slope, Brooklyn, 1983–2008.”, in M. Addison, Y. Taylor (eds.) Queer Presences and Absences, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 178-200.
Gieseking, J. J. (2016) “LGBTQ Spaces and Places”, in M. E. Springate (ed.) LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, Washington, DC: National Park Foundation, pp. 14-31.
Giraud, C. (2014) Quartiers gays, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Hall, P. (1998) Cities in Civilization, London: Pantheon.
Hanhardt, C. B. (2013) Safe Space: Gay Neighbourhood History and the Politics of Violence, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Hanhardt, C. B. (2016) “Making Community: The Places and Spaces of LGBTQ Collective Identity Formation”, in M. E. Springate (ed.) LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, Washington, DC: National Park Foundation, pp. 15-30.
Kebir, L., Crevoisier, O., Costa. P., Peyrache-Gadeau, V. (eds) (2017) Sustainable Innovation and Regional Development: Rethinking Innovative Milieus, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Knopp, L. (1995) “Sexuality and Urban Space: A Framework for Analysis” in D. Bell, G. Valentine (eds.) Mapping Desire, geographies of sexualities, London: Routledge, pp. 149-161.
Knopp, L. (1997) “Gentrification and Gay Neighbourhood Formation in New Orleans: A Case Study.”, in A. Gluckman, A., B. Reed (eds.) Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, and Lesbian and Gay Life, New York: Routledge, pp 45-64.
Landry, C. (2000) The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London: Comedia/Earthscan.
Lau, L., Arsanios, M., Zúñiga-González, F., Kryger, M. (eds.) (2014) Queer Geographies, Roskilde: Museet for Samtidskunst.
Lauria, M., Knopp, L. (1985) “Towards an Analysis of the Role of Gay Community in the Urban Renaissance”, Urban Geography, 6 (2), pp. 152-169.
Lazzeretti, L. (2013) (ed.) Creative industries and innovation in Europe: Concepts, measures and comparatives case studies, London and New York: Routledge.
Lees, L. (ed.) (2004) The emancipatory city? : Paradoxes and possibilities, London – Thousand Oaks – New Delhi: Sage.
Leroy, S. (2005) “Le Paris gay. Éléments pour un geographie de l’‘homoseuxalité’, Annales de Geographie, nº 646, pp.579-601.
Lizama, P. A. (2014) “Existe-t-il un quartier gay à Santiago du Chili ? Appropriation et distanciation d’un modèle urbain importé”, Annales de Géographie, n° 699, 2014/5, pp. 1123-1145.
Lugosi, P. (2007) “Queer consumption and commercial hospitality: Communitas, myths, and the production of liminoid space”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 27(3/4): 163-174.
Markusen, A. (2006), “Urban development and the politics of a creative class: Evidence from the study of artists”, Environment and Planning A, 38:10, pp. 1921-1940.
Markusen, A. (2007) “The urban core as cultural sticky place”, in D. Henckel, E. Pahl-Weber and B. Herkommer (eds.), Time Space Places, Berlin: Peter Lang Verlag, pp. 173-87.
Meneses, I. (2000) “Intimidade, norma e diferença: a modernidade gay em Lisboa”, Análise Social, vol. 34, n.º153, pp.933-955.
O’Connor, J., Wynne, D. (eds.) (1996) From the Margins to the Centre: Cultural Production and Consumption in the Post-industrial City, Aldershot: Arena.
Pilkey, B. S. (2013) “Queering Heteronormativity at Home in London“, A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London: The Bartlett School of Architecture - University College London.
Pratt, A., Hutton, T. (2013) “Reconceptualising the relationship between the creative economy and the city: learning from the financial crisis”, Cities, 33, 86-95.
Robbins, J. (2011) Crossing through Chueca: Lesbian Literary Culture in Queer Madrid, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Ruiz, P. (2012) “Urbanism and Gay Identity “, New Visions for Public Affairs, Volume 4, Spring 2012, pp. 1-15.
Salinas, V. F. (2007) “Visibilidad y escena gay masculina en la ciudad española”, Documents D'analisi Geografica, 49, pp. 139-160.
Scott, A.J. (2000) The Cultural Economy of Cities, New Delhi, London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Scott, A.J. (2014) “Beyond the creative city: cognitive–cultural capitalism and the new urbanism”, Regional Studies, 48 (4), pp. 565-578.
Silva, J. (2014) “Património, reputação e criação de valor. Um fundo imobiliário no Príncipe Real”, rossio - estudos de lisboa, nº 4, Dezembro 2014, pp. 118-129.
Springate, M. E. (ed.) (2016) LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, Washington, DC: National Park Foundation.
Vieira, P. J. (2010), “Do ‘bairro’ e para além do ‘bairro’: Heterotopias e Constelações Lésbicas e Gays em Espaço Urbano”, in Actas do Seminário Geografias de Inclusão: desafios e oportunidades, 13 Dezembro 2010, Lisboa: Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
Vieira, P. J. (2011) “Cidades torcidas: uma abordagem conceptual sobre (homo)sexualidades e espaço urbano”, in XII Simpósio Nacional de Geografia Urbana Ciência e Utopia: Por uma Geografia do Possível (CD ROM), Belo Horizonte.
Zukin, S. (1995) The Cultures of Cities, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
Aldrich, R. (2004) “Homosexuality and the City: An Historical Overview”, Urban Studies, vol. 41 (9), pp. 1719-1737
Becker, H. S. (1963 (2009)) Outsiders: Estudos de sociologia do desvio, Rio de Janeiro, Zahar (trad. ed. 1991).
Bell, D., Binnie, J. (2004) “Autenticating queer space: citizenship, urbanism and governance”, Urban Studies, vol. 41 (9), pp. 1807-1820.
Bell, D., Jayne, M. (eds) (2004), City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate.
Bell, D., Valentine, G. (eds) (1995) Mapping Desire, geographies of sexualities, London: Routledge.
Binnie, J. (1995) “Trading Places: Consumption, Sexuality and the Production of Queer Space”, in D. Bell, G. Valentine (eds) Mapping Desire, geographies of sexualities, London: Routledge, pp. 182-199
Binnie, J. (2004) “Quartering Sexualities: Gay Villages and Sexual Citizenship”, in D. Bell, M. Jayne (eds), City of Quarters: Urban Villages in the Contemporary City, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 163-172.
Binnie, J., Valentine, G. (1999) “Geographies of Sexuality – a Review of Progress.”, Progress in Human Geography, 23 (2) (June 1): 175-187.
Boyd, N. A. (2011) “San Francisco's Castro district: from gay liberation to tourist destination”, Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 9:3, pp. 237-248.
Brown, M.; Knopp, L. (2004), “Queer Cultural Geographies – We’re Here! We’re Queer! We’re Over There, Too”, in K. Andersen, M. Domosh, S. Pile, N. Thrift (eds), Handbook of Cultural Geography, London: Sage, pp. 313-324.
Camagni, R., Maillat, D., Matteacciolli, A. (eds) (2004), Ressources naturelles et culturelles, milieux et développement local, Neuchatel: EDES.
Castells, M. (1983) The city and the grassroots, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Castells, M., Murphy, K. (1982) “Cultural identity and urban structure: the spatial organisation of San Francisco’s gay community”, in N. Feinstein, S. Feinstein (eds.) Urban Policy under Capitalism, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, pp. 237-259.
Caves, R. (2002) Creative Industries: Contracts between Art and Commerce, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Chisholm, D. (2005) Queer Constellations – Subcultural Space in the Wake of the City, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Collins, A. (Ed.) (2006) Cities of Pleasure: Sex and the Urban Socialscape, London and New York: Routledge.
Cooke, P., Lazzeretti, L. (eds.) (2008) Creative Cities, Cultural Clusters and Local Development, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Gato, M. A. (2015) “O consumo de espaços residenciais para além dos valores económicos”, Sociologia, Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, Número temático – Práticas de consumo: valores e orientações, 2015, pp. 67-92.
Gieseking, J. J. (2013) “Queering the Meaning of ‘Neighbourhood’: Reinterpreting the Lesbian-Queer Experience of Park Slope, Brooklyn, 1983–2008.”, in M. Addison, Y. Taylor (eds.) Queer Presences and Absences, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 178-200.
Gieseking, J. J. (2016) “LGBTQ Spaces and Places”, in M. E. Springate (ed.) LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, Washington, DC: National Park Foundation, pp. 14-31.
Giraud, C. (2014) Quartiers gays, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Hall, P. (1998) Cities in Civilization, London: Pantheon.
Hanhardt, C. B. (2013) Safe Space: Gay Neighbourhood History and the Politics of Violence, Durham and London: Duke University Press.
Hanhardt, C. B. (2016) “Making Community: The Places and Spaces of LGBTQ Collective Identity Formation”, in M. E. Springate (ed.) LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, Washington, DC: National Park Foundation, pp. 15-30.
Kebir, L., Crevoisier, O., Costa. P., Peyrache-Gadeau, V. (eds) (2017) Sustainable Innovation and Regional Development: Rethinking Innovative Milieus, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Knopp, L. (1995) “Sexuality and Urban Space: A Framework for Analysis” in D. Bell, G. Valentine (eds.) Mapping Desire, geographies of sexualities, London: Routledge, pp. 149-161.
Knopp, L. (1997) “Gentrification and Gay Neighbourhood Formation in New Orleans: A Case Study.”, in A. Gluckman, A., B. Reed (eds.) Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, and Lesbian and Gay Life, New York: Routledge, pp 45-64.
Landry, C. (2000) The Creative City: A Toolkit for Urban Innovators, London: Comedia/Earthscan.
Lau, L., Arsanios, M., Zúñiga-González, F., Kryger, M. (eds.) (2014) Queer Geographies, Roskilde: Museet for Samtidskunst.
Lauria, M., Knopp, L. (1985) “Towards an Analysis of the Role of Gay Community in the Urban Renaissance”, Urban Geography, 6 (2), pp. 152-169.
Lazzeretti, L. (2013) (ed.) Creative industries and innovation in Europe: Concepts, measures and comparatives case studies, London and New York: Routledge.
Lees, L. (ed.) (2004) The emancipatory city? : Paradoxes and possibilities, London – Thousand Oaks – New Delhi: Sage.
Leroy, S. (2005) “Le Paris gay. Éléments pour un geographie de l’‘homoseuxalité’, Annales de Geographie, nº 646, pp.579-601.
Lizama, P. A. (2014) “Existe-t-il un quartier gay à Santiago du Chili ? Appropriation et distanciation d’un modèle urbain importé”, Annales de Géographie, n° 699, 2014/5, pp. 1123-1145.
Lugosi, P. (2007) “Queer consumption and commercial hospitality: Communitas, myths, and the production of liminoid space”, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 27(3/4): 163-174.
Markusen, A. (2006), “Urban development and the politics of a creative class: Evidence from the study of artists”, Environment and Planning A, 38:10, pp. 1921-1940.
Markusen, A. (2007) “The urban core as cultural sticky place”, in D. Henckel, E. Pahl-Weber and B. Herkommer (eds.), Time Space Places, Berlin: Peter Lang Verlag, pp. 173-87.
Meneses, I. (2000) “Intimidade, norma e diferença: a modernidade gay em Lisboa”, Análise Social, vol. 34, n.º153, pp.933-955.
O’Connor, J., Wynne, D. (eds.) (1996) From the Margins to the Centre: Cultural Production and Consumption in the Post-industrial City, Aldershot: Arena.
Pilkey, B. S. (2013) “Queering Heteronormativity at Home in London“, A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London: The Bartlett School of Architecture - University College London.
Pratt, A., Hutton, T. (2013) “Reconceptualising the relationship between the creative economy and the city: learning from the financial crisis”, Cities, 33, 86-95.
Robbins, J. (2011) Crossing through Chueca: Lesbian Literary Culture in Queer Madrid, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Ruiz, P. (2012) “Urbanism and Gay Identity “, New Visions for Public Affairs, Volume 4, Spring 2012, pp. 1-15.
Salinas, V. F. (2007) “Visibilidad y escena gay masculina en la ciudad española”, Documents D'analisi Geografica, 49, pp. 139-160.
Scott, A.J. (2000) The Cultural Economy of Cities, New Delhi, London and Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Scott, A.J. (2014) “Beyond the creative city: cognitive–cultural capitalism and the new urbanism”, Regional Studies, 48 (4), pp. 565-578.
Silva, J. (2014) “Património, reputação e criação de valor. Um fundo imobiliário no Príncipe Real”, rossio - estudos de lisboa, nº 4, Dezembro 2014, pp. 118-129.
Springate, M. E. (ed.) (2016) LGBTQ America: A Theme Study of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer History, Washington, DC: National Park Foundation.
Vieira, P. J. (2010), “Do ‘bairro’ e para além do ‘bairro’: Heterotopias e Constelações Lésbicas e Gays em Espaço Urbano”, in Actas do Seminário Geografias de Inclusão: desafios e oportunidades, 13 Dezembro 2010, Lisboa: Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa.
Vieira, P. J. (2011) “Cidades torcidas: uma abordagem conceptual sobre (homo)sexualidades e espaço urbano”, in XII Simpósio Nacional de Geografia Urbana Ciência e Utopia: Por uma Geografia do Possível (CD ROM), Belo Horizonte.
Zukin, S. (1995) The Cultures of Cities, Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
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2019-12-31
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