Processos de transformação urbana
Uma tipificação baseada na urbanidade, na centralidade e na evolução da população dos territórios
Palavras-chave:
transformações urbanas, urbanidade, centralidade, urbanização, contraurbanização, suburbanização, declínio urbano, declínio ruralResumo
Os processos de transformação urbanos são dos fenómenos que mais atenção têm recebido nas ciências regionais ou urbanas. Mas a complexidade e diversidade destes processos, as suas múltiplas manifestações a diferentes escalas, têm desafiado a sua categorização e identificação. Este artigo contribui para esta problemática ao propor uma tipologia de transformações urbanas para Portugal Continental baseada em três dimensões – a urbanidade, a centralidade e a evolução da população. A urbanidade traduz o grau de urbanização de uma determinada área, considerando as suas características demográficas ou de uso do solo. A centralidade refere-se ao posicionamento no sistema urbano mais amplo, sendo aferida através de variáveis que expressam a sua hierarquia funcional. A evolução da população permite traduzir parte da dinâmica de transformação, obtendo-se pela diferença entre a população residente em diferentes períodos. O trabalho adota as freguesias como unidades territoriais de base, recorrendo a técnicas clássicas (de redução de variáveis e de identificação de clusters) por forma a identificar a associação das diferentes unidades territoriais a processos de transformação urbana reconhecidos na literatura.
Referências
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Bourne, L. S. (1980). Alternative perspectives on urban decline and population deconcentration. Urban Geography, 1(1), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.1.1.39
Brezzi, M., & Veneri, P. (2015). Assessing polycentric urban systems in the OECD: country, regional and metropolitan perspectives. European Planning Studies, 23(6), 1128–1145. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.905005
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Carvalho, J. (2013). Custos e Benefícios, à Escala Local, de uma Ocupação Dispersa. Direção-Geral do Território.
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Demšar, U., Harris, P., Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A. S., & McLoone, S. (2013). Principal Component Analysis on Spatial Data: An Overview. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), 106–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.689236
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Gustafson, E. J., Hammer, R. B., Radeloff, V. C., & Potts, R. S. (2005). The relationship between environmental amenities and changing human settlement patterns between 1980 and 2000 in the Midwestern USA. Landscape Ecology, 20(7), 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-2149-7
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Herold, M., Goldstein, N. C., & Clarke, K. C. (2003). The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00075-0
Hospers, G.-J. (2014). Policy responses to urban shrinkage: From growth thinking to civic engagement. European Planning Studies, 22(7), 1507–1523. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.793655
INE. (2004). Sistema urbano: áreas de influência e marginalidade funcional.
Kabisch, N., & Haase, D. (2011). Diversifying European agglomerations: Evidence of urban population trends for the 21st century. Population, Space and Place, 17(3), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.600
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MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J., & Wiesinger, G. (2000). Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management, 59, 47–69.
Marques, J. L., Castro, E. A., & Bhattacharjee, A. (2012). Methods and models of analysis in the urban housing market. In R. Capello & T. P. Dentinho (Eds.), Emerging Challenges for Regional Development and Evolving Infrastructure Networks and Space (pp. 149–180). Edward Elgar Publishing.
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Biagi, B., Brandano, M. G., & Lambiri, D. (2015). Does tourism affect house prices? Evidence from Italy. Growth and Change, 46(3), 501–528. https://doi.org/10.1111/grow.12094
Black, D., & Henderson, V. (2003). Urban evolution in the USA. Journal of Economic Geography, 3(4), 343–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbg017
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Brezzi, M., & Veneri, P. (2015). Assessing polycentric urban systems in the OECD: country, regional and metropolitan perspectives. European Planning Studies, 23(6), 1128–1145. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2014.905005
Bruegmann, R. (2005). Sprawl. A Compact History. The University of Chicago Press.
Bryant, R. L., Paniagua, A., & Kizos, T. (2011). Conceptualising “shadow landscape” in political ecology and rural studies. Land Use Policy, 28(3), 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2010.09.005
Burholt, V., & Dobbs, C. (2012). Research on rural ageing: Where have we got to and where are we going in Europe? Journal of Rural Studies, 28(4), 432–446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.01.009
Carvalho, J. (2013). Custos e Benefícios, à Escala Local, de uma Ocupação Dispersa. Direção-Geral do Território.
Carver, T. N. (1927). Rural depopulation. IX(1), 1–10.
Castells, M. (2010). The Rise of the Network Society. In Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing: Vol. I. https://doi.org/10.2307/1252090
Champion, T. (2001). Urbanization, suburbanization, counterurbanization and reurbanization. In R. Paddison (Ed.), Handbook of urban studies (pp. 143–161). Sage Publications.
Cheng, J., & Masser, I. (2003). Modelling urban growth patterns: A multiscale perspective. Environment and Planning A, 35(4), 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1068/a35118
Demšar, U., Harris, P., Brunsdon, C., Fotheringham, A. S., & McLoone, S. (2013). Principal Component Analysis on Spatial Data: An Overview. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(1), 106–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2012.689236
Ewing, R. H. (2008). Characteristics, causes, and effects of sprawl: A literature review. Urban Ecology: An International Perspective on the Interaction Between Humans and Nature, 21(2), 519–535. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73412-5_34
Ferrão, J. (2003). Dinâmicas territoriais e trajectórias de desenvolvimento: Portugal 1991-2001. Revista de Estudos Demográficos, 34, 17–25.
Fotheringham, A. S., & Wong, D. W. S. (1991). The modifiable areal unit problem in multivariate statistical analysis. Environment & Planning A, 23(7), 1025–1044. https://doi.org/10.1068/a231025
Frey, W. H., & Zimmer, Z. (2001). Defining the City. In R. Paddison (Ed.), Handbook of Urban Studies (pp. 14–35). London: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848608375
Gabaix, X. (1999). Zipf’s law for cities: An explanation. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 114(3), 739–767. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355399556133
Galster, G., Hanson, R., Ratcliffe, M. R., Wolman, H., Coleman, S., & Freihage, J. (2001). Wrestling sprawl to the ground: Defining and measuring an elusive concept. Housing Policy Debate, 12(4), 681–717. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2001.9521426
Garmestani, A. S., Allen, C. R., & Gallagher, C. M. (2008). Power laws, discontinuities and regional city size distributions. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68(1), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2008.03.011
Gordon, P., & Richardson, H. W. (1997). Are compact cities a desirable planning goal? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63(1), 95–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944369708975727
Gustafson, E. J., Hammer, R. B., Radeloff, V. C., & Potts, R. S. (2005). The relationship between environmental amenities and changing human settlement patterns between 1980 and 2000 in the Midwestern USA. Landscape Ecology, 20(7), 773–789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-005-2149-7
Haartsen, T., & Venhorst, V. (2010). Planning for decline: Anticipating on population decline in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 101(2), 218–227. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2010.00597.x
Haase, A., Athanasopoulou, A., & Rink, D. (2013). Urban shrinkage as an emerging concern for European policymaking. European Urban and Regional Studies, 23(1), 103–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776413481371
Haase, A., Bernt, M., Grossmann, K., Mykhnenko, V., & Rink, D. (2013). Varieties of shrinkage in European cities. European Urban and Regional Studies, 0(0), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776413481985
Hajrasouliha, A. H., & Hamidi, S. (2017). The typology of the American metropolis: monocentricity, polycentricity, or generalized dispersion? Urban Geography, 38(3), 420–444. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1165386
Hall, P. (1971). Spatial structure of metropolitan England and Wales. In M. Chisholm & G. Manners (Eds.), Spatial policy problems of the british economy (Vol. 1, pp. 96–125). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004
Hall, P., & Pain, K. (2006). The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe. London: Sterling, VA.
Herold, M., Goldstein, N. C., & Clarke, K. C. (2003). The spatiotemporal form of urban growth: measurement, analysis and modeling. Remote Sensing of Environment, 86(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00075-0
Hospers, G.-J. (2014). Policy responses to urban shrinkage: From growth thinking to civic engagement. European Planning Studies, 22(7), 1507–1523. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.793655
INE. (2004). Sistema urbano: áreas de influência e marginalidade funcional.
Kabisch, N., & Haase, D. (2011). Diversifying European agglomerations: Evidence of urban population trends for the 21st century. Population, Space and Place, 17(3), 236–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.600
Kim, H., Lee, N. Y., & Kim, S. N. (2018). Suburbia in evolution: Exploring polycentricity and suburban typologies in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. Land Use Policy, 75(March), 92–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.03.033
Krugman, P. R. (1996). The self-organizing economy. Blackwell Publishers.
Lang, T. (2012). Shrinkage, metropolization and peripheralization in East Germany. European Planning Studies, 20(10), 1747–1754. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2012.713336
Longstaff, G. B. (1893). Rural depopulation. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 56(3), 380–442. https://doi.org/10.2307/2979636
Luo, J., & Wei, Y. H. D. (2009). Modeling spatial variations of urban growth patterns in Chinese cities: The case of Nanjing. Landscape and Urban Planning, 91(2), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.11.010
MacDonald, D., Crabtree, J., & Wiesinger, G. (2000). Agricultural abandonment in mountain areas of Europe: environmental consequences and policy response. Journal of Environmental Management, 59, 47–69.
Marques, J. L., Castro, E. A., & Bhattacharjee, A. (2012). Methods and models of analysis in the urban housing market. In R. Capello & T. P. Dentinho (Eds.), Emerging Challenges for Regional Development and Evolving Infrastructure Networks and Space (pp. 149–180). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Marques, T. S. (2003). Dinâmicas territoriais e as relações urbano-rurais. Revista Da Faculdade de Letras - Geografia, 1a série(19), 507–521.
Moreira, M. J. G., Rodrigues, T. F., & Henriques, F. D. C. (2009). O sistema urbano português. Dinâmicas contemporâneas e diversidade regional: evolução demográfica e bem-estar social. Revista de Demografia Histórica, 27(1), 83–114.
Morrill, R. L. (1979). Stages in patterns of population concentration and dispersion. Professional Geographer, 31(1), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1979.00055.x
Openshaw, S. (1984). Ecological fallacies and the analysis of areal census data ( UK, Italy). Environment & Planning A, 16(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1068/a160017
OpenStreetMap Contributors. (2020). Planet dump retrieved from https://planet.osm.org.
Palang, H., Printsmann, A., Gyuró, É. K., Urbanc, M., Skowronek, E., & Woloszyn, W. (2006). The forgotten rural landscapes of Central and Eastern Europe. Landscape Ecology, 21(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-004-4313-x
Park, R. E., Burgess, E. W., & McKenzie, R. (1925). The City. The University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/3004850
Pašakarnis, G., & Maliene, V. (2010). Towards sustainable rural development in Central and Eastern Europe: Applying land consolidation. Land Use Policy, 27(2), 545–549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.07.008
Pereira, M. (2016). 40 anos de reconfigurações territoriais n(d)o Portugal democrático (1974-2014). GeoINova, 13, 9–35.
Pinkster, F. M., & Boterman, W. R. (2017). When the spell is broken: gentrification, urban tourism and privileged discontent in the Amsterdam canal district. Cultural Geographies, 24(3), 457–472. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474017706176
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