Justiça e Reconciliação Pós-Conflito em África
Palavras-chave:
paz, conflito, África Subsariana, reconciliaçãoResumo
Após a existência de um conflito violento com consequências sociais desastrosas, as sociedades vêem-se confrontadas com a necessidade de promover a reconciliação e consolidar a paz, com o objectivo central de prevenir um ressurgimento da violência. Uma série de mecanismos têm sido desenvolvidos para lidar com as violações dos direitos humanos, os quais vão muito para além dos julgamentos ao nível nacional: desde tribu-nais internacionais concebidos para cada conflito, comissões de verdade e reconciliação, programas de reparação das vítimas e reintegração dos combatentes e perpetradores dos crimes de guerra, ou ainda mecanismos locais de resolução de conflitos. Este artigo aborda as questões da reconciliação e da justiça em três situações de pós-conflito na África Subsaariana (Ruanda, Moçambique e Serra Leoa), destacando a variedade dos caminhos seguidos, consoante as características únicas de cada conflito e do próprio tecido social.Referências
Agneta BOHMAN, 2003, The long and arduos path to reconciliation, http://www.seefuture.org/viewtopic.php?p=236&sid=a9ec0ffb029a77a 219d6b755184a0984.
Alana TIEMESSEN, 2004, «After Arusha: Gacaca Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda», in African Studies Quarterly, 8(1), http://www.africa.ufl.edu/ asq/v8/v8i1a4.htm.
Alcinda Manuel HONWANA, 1999, «The Collective Body: challenging western concepts of trauma and healing», in Track Two, vol. 8, (1), July, Center for Conflict Resolution, South Africa.
Alcinda Manuel HONWANA, 2003, Espíritos Vivos, Tradições Modernas: possessão de espíritos e reintegração social pós-guerra no sul de Moçambique, Ela por Ela, Lisboa.
B. HAMBER & H. VAN DER MERWE,1998, «What is this thing called reconciliation?», paper presented at the Goedgedacht Forum After the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, acedido na Internet em 28 de Agosto de 1998, no endereço http://www.wits.ac.za/wits/csvr/artrcb&h.htm.
B. HAMBER & Richard WILSON, 2000, «Symbolic Closure Through Memory, Reparation and Revenge in Post-Conflict Societies», in Human Rights Working Papers, n. 5, April, http://www.du.edu/humanrights/workingpapers/papers/05-hamber04-00.pdf.
B. HAMBER, 1997, «Truth: The road to reconciliation?», acedido na Internet em 28 de Agosto de 1998, no endereço http://www.wits.ac.za/wits/csvr/artrcant.htm.
B. HAMBER, 1999, Past Imperfect: Strategies for Dealing with past political violence in Northern Ireland, South Africa and countries in transition, TRC, Commissioning the Past, http://www.trcresearch.org.za/papers99/hamber.pdf.
Beth DOUGHERTY, 2004, «Searching for Answers: Sierra Leone ‘s Truth and Reconciliation Commission», in African Studies Quarterly, 8,(1), http://www. africa.ufl.edu/asq/v8/v8i1a3.htm.
Charles LERCHE, 1999, «Peacebuilding through Reconciliation», in The International Journal of Peace Studies, http://www.gmu.edu/academic/ijps /vol5_2/lerche.htm.
Charles LERCHE, 2000, «Truth Commissions and National Reconciliation: some reflections on theory and practice», in Peace and Conflict Studies, vol. 7, n.º 1, http://www.gmu.edu/academic/pcs/LERCHE71PCS.html.
David CROCKER, 2000, «Truth Commissions, Transitional Justice and Civil Society», in Robert I. ROTBERG and Dennis THOMPSON (eds.), Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions, Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 99-121.
David ROTHSTEIN, 2004, «Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Miracle or Model? (book review)», in Ethics & International Affairs, 18(1).
Desmond TUTU, 1999, No Future without Forgiveness, Random House, Parktown, South Africa.
Donna PANKHURST, 1999, «Issues of Justice and Reconciliation in Complex Political Emergencies: conceptualizing reconciliation, justice and peace», in Third World Quarterly, 20(1), pp. 239-55.
Ea MENG-TRY, 2003, Key Issues in Peace and Reconciliation Studies, Centre for the Study of Forgiveness and Reconciliation, Coventry University, Reino Unido, http://www.dccam.org/National reconciliation/key_issues_in_peace_and_reconciliation.htm.
Elin SKAAR, 1999, «Truth Commissions, Trials – or Nothing? Policy options in democratic transitions», in Third World Quarterly, 20 (6), pp. 1109-1128.
Elliot ABRAMS, 2001, «Truth without Justice?», in Policy Review, February.
Erik DOXTADER & Charles VILLA-VICENCIO, 2003, Through fire with water: the roots of division and the potential for reconciliation in Africa, Africa World Press, Trenton.
Graeme SIMPSON, 1997, «Reconstruction and Reconciliation: emerging from transition», Development in Practice, vol. 7, n.º 4, pp. 475-478, http://www.wits.ac.za/csvr.
Graeme SIMPSON, 2000, Rebuilding Fractured Societies: reconstruction, reconciliation and the changing nature of violence, Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, South Africa, http://www.csvr.org.za/papers/papundp.htm.
Gunnar THEISSEN, 2003, Supporting Justice, Co-existence and Reconciliation after Armed Conflict: strategies for dealing with the Past, Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation, Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management, http://www.berghof-handbook.net/theissen/text.htm.
Hizkias ASSEFA, 1999, «The Meaning of Reconciliation», in People Building Peace, European Centre for Conflict Prevention, Utrecht, http://www.xs4all.nl/~conflic1/pbp_f/content.htm.
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE, 2004, The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission: Reviewing the First Year, Case Study Series, January, http://www.ictj.org/downloads/SL_TRC_Case_Study_designed.pdf.
J. Bayo ADEKANYE, 1998, «Power-Sharing in Multi-Ethnic Political Systems», in Security Dialoque, vol. 29, n.º1, Março.
Johan GALTUNG, 1998, After Violence: 3R, Reconstruction, Reconciliation, Resolution; Coping with Visible and Invisible Effects of War and Violence, http://www.transcend.org/trrecbas.htm.
John BURTON, 1987, Resolving Deep-Rooted Conflict: A Handbook, Lanham London, University Press of America.
John LEDERACH, 1997, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, United States Institute of Peace.
John LEDERACH, 2003, Key Issues in Peace and Reconciliation Studies, Centre for the Study of Forgiveness and Reconciliation, Coventry University, United Kingdom, http://www.dccam.org/National reconciliation/key_issues_in_peace_and_reconciliation.htm.
Joseph MONTVILLE, 1993, «The Healing Function in Political Conflict Resolution», in Dennis SANDOLE & Hugo VAN DER MERWE (eds.), Conflict Resolution, Theory and Practice, Manchester University Press.
Kevin AVRUCH & Beatriz VEJARANO, 2001, «Truth and Reconciliation Commisions: a review essay and annotated bibliography», in Social Justice: Anthropology, Peace and Human Rights, volume 2(1-2), pp. 47-108.
Louis KRIESBERG, 1998, Constructive Conflicts. From Escalation to Resolution, Lanham & Boulder, New York.
Luc HUYSE, 1995, «Justice after Transition: on the choices successor elites make in dealing with the past», in Law and Social Inquiry, 20, 1, pp. 51-78, http://cas1.elis.rug.ac.be/avrug/pdf01/zuidaf03.pdf.
Lyn GRAYBILL & Kimberly LANEGRAN, 2004, «Truth, Justice and Reconciliation in Africa: issues and cases», in African Studies Quarterly, 8(1), http://web.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v8/v8i1a1.htm.
Lyn GRAYBILL, 2004, «Pardon, Punishment and Amnesia: three African post-conflict methods», in Third World Quarterly, 25(6), pp. 1117-1130.
Mahmood MAMDANI, 1998, When does Reconciliation Turn into a Denial of Justice?, HSRC Publishers, Pretoria, http://www.hsrcpublishers.co.za/e-books/denial_justice.pdf.
Mark MALAN, 2003, Sierra Leone: building the road to recovery, monograph nº.80, Institute for Security Studies, South Africa.
Mary MORAN & Anne PITCHER, 2004, «The ‘basket case’ and the ‘poster child’: explaining the end of civil conflicts in Liberia and Mozambique», in Third World Quarterly, 5(3), pp. 501-519.
Melissa NOBLES, 2001, «Truth versus Justice: the morality of Truth Commissions», in The American Political Science Review, 95 (2).
N. THOMPSON, 2002, In Pursuit of Justice: a report on the judiciary in Sierra Leone, Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, Freetown, http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/Sierra_Leone_ Report.pdf.
Nancy THEDE, 1999, Justice, Memory and Reconciliation in the context of Peacebuilding, paper prepared for the DFAIT-NGO Consultations on Peacebuilding, Ottawa, http://www.humansecurity.gc.ca/.
Noel CHICUELUE, 1997, «Reconciliation: the role of Truth Commissions and alternative ways of healing», in Development in Practice, 7 (4).
Osler HAMPSO, 1996, Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail, United States Institute of Peace.
Peter UVIN, 2001, The Introduction of a Modernized Gacaca for Judging Suspects of Participation in the Genocide and the Massacres of 1994 in Rwanda, discussion paper for the Belgian Secretary of State for Development Cooperation, http://fletcher.tufts.edu/humansecurity/pdf/Boutmans.pdf.
Priscilla B. HAYNER, 1996, «Commissioning the Truth: further research questions», in Third World Quarterly, vol. 17, n. 1, pp.19-29.
Rosalind SHAW, 2004, Forgive and Forget: Rethinking Memory in Sierra Leone’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission, USIP, http://www.usip.org/fellows/reports/2004/0429_shaw.html.
Terence LYONS, 2002, Postconflict Elections: war termination, democratization and demilitarizing politics, working paper nº. 20, Institute for Conflict Analysis and Resolution, George Mason University, EUA, http://www.gmu.edu/departments/ICAR/Work_Paper20.pdf.
Tom WINSLOW, 1997, «Reconciliation: The Road to Healing?», in Track Two, vol. 6, n.º 3/4, http://ccrweb.ccr.uct.ac.za/two/6_34/p24_winslow.html.
TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE WORKING GROUP INITIATIVE, 2005, The Road to Peace in Liberia: citizen views of transitional justice, survey results (Powerpoint presentation), http://www.wilsoncenter.org/.
William BOYCE, 2000, Community Based Rehabilitation: a strategy for peacebuilding, Queen’s University, Kingston, Canada, http://www.humanities.mcmaster.ca/peace-health/cbrpb.pdf.
William LONG & Peter BRECKE, 2003, War and Reconciliation: reason and emotion in conflict resolution, Cambridge, MIT Press.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Secção
Licença
Autorizo a publicação do artigo/recensão submetido do qual sou autor.
Declaro ainda que o presente artigo é original, que não foi objecto de qualquer tipo de publicação, e cedo em exclusivo os direitos de publicação à revista Cadernos de Estudos Africanos. A reprodução do artigo, no todo ou em parte, noutras publicações ou noutros suportes depende de autorização prévia da editora Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.
