How discrete emotions arise during the "heat" of sport competition: A naturalistic study in Roller Hockey

Abstract

Emotions have an undeniable influence on sports competition. Therefore, studies focused on their antecedents are essential for understanding emotions in sports. Within the Cognitive-motivational-relational theory (CMRT) framework, this study intended to explore cognitive appraisal processes and discrete emotions during Roller Hockey competitions. Five elite roller hockey players (M = 28.6 years) were interviewed about three different games using a self-confrontational approach. The players identified eleven discrete emotions: happiness, relief, discouragement, anxiety, confidence, anger, disgust, pride, tranquillity, sadness, and shame. Positive emotions were more likely to arise in situations that brought the players closer to their goals, whereas negative emotions were more frequent in situations that threatened their goals. Findings suggest that primary appraisals often precede positive emotions, whereas secondary appraisals are more associated with negative emotions. These findings support the link between cognitive appraisals and emotions and highlight the need for continuing this line of study.