What is bringing soccer fans to stadiums? A comparison of kick-off time, table positions, and the role of top teams in Portuguese football’s top-tier

Abstract

This study undertook a multivariable analysis of potential factors affecting stadium attendance to better prepare sports teams for possible challenges. The analysed factors included the day of the match, kick-off time, table position of the home and away teams, difference between positions of the home and away teams, and the presence or absence of top teams, with a linear mixed-model analysis. The presence of one (difference: 31.86, p<.001) or two (difference: 43.77, p<.001) top teams was the main factor increasing attendance. Evening matches (8 pm) had higher attendance than afternoon matches (4 pm) (difference: 5.13, p=.003), though this may be influenced by scheduling patterns. Interactions showed that when teams were separated by 11 or more positions, matches held before 8 pm on Saturdays attracted higher attendance (p<.05). Fans of top teams preferred less uncertainty (p<.05). This study shows that stadium attendances are impacted by interactions between different variables. This can lead organisers to consider adjusting match days and kick-off times based on differences in table positions. The presence of top teams increased attendance the most, showing higher identification with those teams.