La importancia de la cooperación y las redes en el desarrollo del turismo: el caso del Baixo Alentejo (Portugal)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57883/thij2(1)2014.30094Palabras clave:
Turismo, desarrollo, planificación, cooperación, redes, agentes turísticosResumen
La cooperación entre los diversos actores sociales del turismo, en forma de asociaciones y redes, es una condición fundamental para el desarrollo y la planificación turística. Este artículo es el resultado de una investigación de doctorado en Turismo y tiene como objetivo analizar el papel desempeñado por la cooperación entre los actores sociales de los sectores público, privado y asociativo en el desarrollo turístico de una subregión del Alentejo: Baixo Alentejo. La investigación empírica de carácter cuantitativo se basó en una encuesta a actores sociales (líderes) del turismo local y regional, desde una perspectiva sectorial y tripartita (sector público, sector privado y sector asociativo) con el fin de conocer su percepción sobre la importancia atribuida al establecimiento de relaciones de cooperación entre ellos y a la constitución de redes formales de cooperación para el desarrollo del Baixo Alentejo y del Alentejo. El análisis de los resultados mostró la gran importancia de la cooperación entre los actores para el desarrollo turístico del Baixo Alentejo en áreas prioritarias como la promoción del destino, la valorización de la cultura, el desarrollo del turismo organizado y en productos temáticos basados en los recursos de la subregión. La creación de una red de cooperación se consideró importante como forma de aumentar la capacidad competitiva y la puesta en común de recursos entre las organizaciones turísticas.
Citas
Aas, C., Ladkin, A. & Fletcher, J. (2005). Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 28-48.
Alves, H. & Raposo, M. (2011). Stakeholder theory: issues to resolve. Management Decision, 49(2), 226-252.
Andrighi, F. & Hoffmann, V. (2008). Aglomeração territorial no turismo: uma avaliação dos atores sociais na destinação turística de URUBICI/SC, CULTUR. Revista de Cultura e Turismo, 2(2), 1-16. Acedido em: www.uesc.br/revistas/culturaeturismo.
Araújo, M. & Bramwell, B. (2002). Partnerships and regional tourism in Brazil. Annals Tourism Research, 29(4), 1138-1164.
Azevedo, D. (2010). Diálogos entre stakeholders em redes de organizações de agronegócios na busca da mitigação dos efeitos da mudança climática: o caso do instituto do agronegócio responsável – ARES, Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre.
Beaumont, N. & Dredge, D. (2010). Local tourism governance: a comparison of three networks approaches. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 18(1), 7-28.
Bramwell, B. (2006). Actors, networks and tourism policies, In D. Buhalis & C. Costa (Orgs.) Tourism Management Dynamics: trends, management and tools (155-163), Oxford: Elsevier.
Bramwell, B. & Lane, B. (2000). Tourism collaboration and partnerships: politics, practice and sustainability. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Bramwell, B. & Sharman, A. (1999). Collaboration in local tourism policymaking. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 392-415.
Bucholz, R. & Rosenthal, S. (2004). Stakeholder theory and public policy: how governments matter. Journal of Business Ethics. 51(2). 143-153.
Buckley, R. (2012). Sustainable tourism: research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research. 39(2), 528-546.
Costa, C., Santos, M., & e Ferreira, A. (2007), Relações interorganizacionais no turismo – parceria entre operadores turísticos alemães e os agentes da oferta algarvia. Revista Encontros Científicos, 3, Universidade do Algarve.
Crouch, G. (2011). Destination competitiveness: an analysis of determinant attributes. Journal of Travel Research. 50(1), 27-45.
Edgell, D. (1990). International tourism policy. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Erkuş-Öztürk, H. & Eraydin, A. (2010). Environmental governance for sustainable tourism development: Collaborative networks and organisation building in the Antalya tourism region. Tourism Management. 31(1), 113-124.
Franch, M., Martini, U., & Buffa, F. (2010). Roles and opinions of primary and secondary stakeholders within community-type destinations. Tourism Review. 65(4), 74-85.
Freeman, E. (2010). Strategic management: a stakeholder approach. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fyall, A. & Garrod, B. (2005). From competition to collaboration in the tourism industry In W. Theobald (eds). Global Tourism (52-73). Burlington: Elsevier.
Goeldner, C. & Ritchie, J. (2009). Tourism – principles, practices and philosophies. (11th ed.). Oxford: Wiley and Sons.
Graci, S. (2013). Collaboration and partnership development for sustainable tourism. Tourism Geographies: an International Journal of Tourism Space, Place and Environment. 15(1), 25-42.
Gulati, R. (1995). Does familiarity breed trust? The implications of repeated tied for contractual choice in alliances. Academy of Management Journal. 38(1), 85-112.
Gunn, C. (1994). Tourism planning – basics, concepts, cases, (4th ed). Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis.
Hall, D., & Richards, G. (2000). Tourism and sustainable: community development. London: Routledge.
Hall, M. (1999). Rethinking collaboration and partnership: a public policy perspective. Journal of Soustainable Tourism, 6(3-4), 274-289.
Hall, M. (2008). Tourism Planning – policies, processes and relationships. (2nd Ed.). Harlow: Prentice Hall.
Hassan, S. (2000). Determinants of market competitiveness in an environmentally sustainable tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research. 38(3), 239-245.
Jamal, T., Getz, D. (1995). Collaboration theory and community tourism planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(1), 186-204.
Kernaghan, K. (1993). Partnerhips and public administration: conceptual and pratical considerations. Canadian Public Administration. 36(1), 57-76.
Ladkin, A. & Bertramini, A. (2002). Collaborative tourism planning: a case study of Cusco, Peru. Current Issues in Tourism. 5(2), 71-93.
March, R. & Wilkinson, L. (2009). Conceptual tools for evaluation tourism partnerships. Tourism Management. 30(3), 455-462.
Maulet, G. (2006). A framework to identify a localised tourism system. In L. Lazzeretti & C. Petrillo (pp. 43-56). Tourism, local systems and networking. Oxford: Elsevier.
Mazanec, J. & Ring, A. (2011). Tourism destination competitiveness: second thoughts on the World Economic Forum reports. Tourism Economics, 17(4), 725-751.
Miguéns, J. (2009). Networked tourism: from world destinations to inter-organizations. Tese de Doutoramento. Universidade de Aveiro. Aveiro.
Mitchell, R. & Reid, D. (2001). Community integration: Island tourism in Peru. Annals of Tourism Research. 28(1), 113-139.
Moniz, A. (2006). A sustentabilidade do turismo em ilhas de pequena dimensão: o caso dos Açores. Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências Económicas e Empresariais. Universidade dos Açores. Açores.
Monteiro, I. & Deville, E. (2007). A necessidade do trabalho em rede no desenvolvimento turístico das regiões: o modelo das Aldeias de Xisto. Congresso Internacional de Turismo de Leiria e Oeste. Acedido em: http://cassiopeia.esel.ipleiria.pt/esel_eventos/files/2106_Ivania_Monteiro_4756daa9eb01c.pdf
Morrison, A. (2013). Marketing and managing tourism destinations. Oxon: Routledge.
Neves, A. (2007). Promoção turística: o impacto das parcerias entre agentes públicos e privados. Dissertação de Mestrado. Departamento de Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial. Universidade de Aveiro. Aveiro. Acedido em: http://biblioteca.sinbad.ua.pt/Teses/2007001018.
OECD (1993). What future for our countryside? A rural development society. Paris: OECD.
Presenza, A. & Cipollina, M. (2010). Analysing tourism stakeholders networks. Tourism Review, 65(4), 17-30.
Roberts, L. & Simpson, F. (1999). Developing partnership approaches to tourism in Central and Eastern Europe. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 7(3/4), 314-330.
Rodger, K., Moore, S. & Newsome, D. (2009). Network theory. Annals of Tourism Research. 36(4), 645-666.
Sauter, E. & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders a tourism planning model. Annals of Tourism Research. 26(2), 312-328.
Selin, S. (1999). Developing a typology of sustainable tourism partnerships. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(3), 260-283.
Selin, S. & Chavez, D. (1995). Developing an evolutionary tourism partnership model. Annals Tourism Research. 22(4), 884-856.
Silva, L. (2007). Sortelha e Monsaraz: um estudo de caso de dois lugares turísticos no interior de Portugal. Análise Social, XLII(184), 853-874.
Sonmez, S. & Apostolopoulos, Y. (2000). Conflict resolution through tourism cooperation? The case of the Partitioned Island - state of Cyprus. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 9(3), 35-48.
Stokes, R. (2006). Inter-organizational relationships for events tourism strategy making in Australian states and territories. Doctoral dissertation, Griffith University, School of Tourism and Hotel Management.
Swarbrooke, J. (1999). Sustainable Tourism Management. London: CABI Publishing.
Teixeira, R. (2012). Redes de cooperação em turismo: um estudo nas pequenas empresas hoteleiras em Curitiba, Paraná. Revista PASOS - Revista de Turismo Y Património Cultural [versão eletrónica]. 10(3), 407-416. Acedido em: http://www.pasosonline.org/Publicados/10312/PS0312_15.pdf.
Timothy, D. (1998). Cooperative tourism planning in a developing destination. Journal of Sustainable Tourism. 6(1), 52-68.
Tomsett, P. (2008). Stakeholder theory or concept: application to the tourism environment. In S. Richardson; L. Fredline; A. Patiar & M. Ternel (Eds). CAUTHE 2008: Tourism and Hospitality Research, Training and Practice; "Where the 'Bloody Hell' Are We?". Gold Coast, Qld.: Griffith University.
Tosun, C. (2000). Limits to community participation in the tourism development process in developing countries, Tourism Management, 21, 613-633.
Tremblay, P. (1998). The economic organization of tourism. Annals Tourism Research. 25(4), 837-859.
Waligo, V.; Clarke, J. & Hawkins, R. (2013). Implementing sustainable tourism: A multi-stakeholder involvement management framework. Tourism Management. 36, 342-353.
Weiermair, K.; Peters, M. & Frehse, J. (2008). Success factors for public private partnerships: cases in Alpine Tourism Development. Journal of Services Research Special Issue, 8.
World Tourism Organization (2003). Co-operation and partnerships in tourism – a global perspetive. Madrid: World Tourism Organization, Business Council.
Wray, M. (2009). Policy communities, networks and issue cycles in tourism destination systems. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(6), 673-690.
Yin, S. (2012). Six nations, one river: Testing a model of perceived effects of inter-governmental collaboration on sustainable tourism in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Phd Doctoral, University of Minnesota.
Zapata, M. & Hall, M. (2012). Public–private collaboration in the tourism sector: balancing legitimacy and effectiveness in local tourism partnerships. The Spanish case. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events. 4(1), 61-83.
Zhang, H.; Yan, Y. & Lo, K. (2009). The faciliting and inhibiting factors in cooperative tourism development of the Grater Pearl River Delta (GPRD), China. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism. 10(2), 139-152.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2014 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.
Este trabalho encontra-se publicado com a Licença Internacional Creative Commons Atribuição 4.0.
