Urban Resilience pro-Sustainability and planning under uncertainty
Keywords:
urban resilience, pro-resilience urban planning, sustainability, uncertainty, transformabilityAbstract
The study of urban resilience has been a field of research of scholars, planning technicians and policy makers. It provides a theoretical framework and a set of analytical and operational devices to face the complex consequences and risks that result from the recurrence and increase in the magnitude of tensions, crises and catastrophes that, often, question the ways of survival of the human species.
Resilient urban systems demand urban planning systems designed for strengthening, in the long run, learning capacity (preparation), robustness (persistence), innovation (transformability) and flexibility (adaptability), mainly in contexts of crisis and / or sudden transactions. Therefore, planning urban resilience implies structured solutions to respond to risks associated with expected and unexpected crises and catastrophes.
The purpose of this article is to move forward the debate on planning theories and practices to deal with the growing uncertainty that characterizes extreme and unforeseen events. There is a gap in the theoretical and practical references able to place resilience in urban systems, making trajectories oriented towards sustainable development, understood as a civilizational goal. The contribution for this discussion will be based on the clarification of the constellation of concepts, the state of maturity of the theoretical framework, the reflection on how it can serve as a normative basis for sustainability and what are the assumptions for planning urban resilience pro-resilience in the context of expanding risks, crises, catastrophes and uncertainties.
References
Ballard-Rosa, G. (2010). What is a City ? Rethinking the Urban After Hurricane Katrina (pp. 174–181). Te University of Georgia Press.
Batty, M., Besussi, E., Maat, K., & Harts, J. J. (2004). Representing multifunctional cities: Density and diversity in space and time. Built Environment, 30(4), 324–337. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.30.4.324.57156
Bohland, J., Davoudi, S., & Lawrence, J. (2019). The resilience machine (J. Bohland, S. Davoudi, & J. Lawrence (eds.); 1st ed., Issue 2009). Routledge.
Briguglio, L., Cordina, G., Farrugia, N., & Vella, S. (2008). Economic Vulnerability and Resilience. Unu-Wider. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13600810903089893
Brundtland, G. H., Khalid, M., Agnelli, S., Chidzero, B., Fadika, L. M., Mauff, V., & Lang, I. (1987). Report of the world Commission on Environment and Development: “Our Common Future.”
Chelleri, L. (2012). From the «Resilient City» to Urban Resilience. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 582, 287–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29470-9_2
Cifdaloz, O., Regmi, A., Anderies, J. M., & Rodriguez, A. A. (1969). Miseria por inundaciones al sur de Bogotá. El Siglo, 15(3), 1, 3. https://doi.org/39
Clark, J., & Bailey, D. (2018). Labour, work and regional resilience. Regional Studies, 52(6), 741–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2018.1448621
Collier, M. J., Nedović-Budić, Z., Aerts, J., Connop, S., Foley, D., Foley, K., Newport, D., McQuaid, S., Slaev, A., & Verburg, P. (2013). Transitioning to resilience and sustainability in urban communities. Cities, 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.03.010
Disaster, A., & Handbook, R. (2020). Land Use Planning for Disaster Resilient Communities.
Eraydin, A. (2013). “ Resilience Thinking ” for Planning. In Ayda Eraydin & T. Taşan-Kok (Eds.), Resilience Thinking in Urban Planning (Ayda Erayd, pp. 17–38). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5476-8
ESPON. (2012). Economic Crisis: Resilience of Regions, Inception Report.
Faggian, A., Gemmiti, R., Jaquet, T., & Santini, I. (2018). Regional economic resilience: the experience of the Italian local labor systems. Annals of Regional Science, 60(2), 393–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-017-0822-9
Fainstein, S. (2005). Planning theory and the city. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 25(2), 121–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X05279275
Fiksel, J. (2003). Designing Resilient, Sustainable Systems. Environmental Science and Technology, 37(23), 5330–5339. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0344819
Fiksel, J. (2006). Sustainability and resilience: toward a systems approach. 2(2).
Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., Holling, C. S., & Walker, B. (2002). Resilience and sustainable development: building adaptive capacity in a world of transformations. In Ambio (Vol. 31, Issue 5, pp. 1–77).
Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Chapin, T., & Rockström, J. (2010). Resilience Thinking: Integrating Resilience, Adaptability and Transformability. Ecology and Society, 15(4), 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2011.191
Giacometti, A., & Teräs, J. (2019). Regional economic and social resilience: An Exploratory In-Depth Study in the Nordic Countries. https://doi.org/10.18356/f7be0e0f-en
Giannakis, E., & Bruggeman, A. (2017). Economic crisis and regional resilience: Evidence from Greece. Papers in Regional Science, 96(3), 451–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12206
Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(136)
Gonçalves, C. (2018a). Avaliação da Resiliência Socioeconómica Municipal: procedimentos metodológicos aplicados a Portugal durante a crise (2008-2013). Finisterra, LIII(108), 9898–110. https://doi.org/10.18055/Finis11650
Gonçalves, C. (2018b). Models, Methods, and Metrics to Measure Socioeconomic Resilience: Two Portuguese Urban Systems as Case Studies. In I. D. S. Rosa, R. Ribeiro, & A. Mendes (Eds.), Handbook of Research on Methods and Tools for Assessing Cultural Landscape Adaptation (Vol. 14, pp. 346–367).
Gotham, K. F., & Campanella, R. (2010). Toward a Research Agenda on Transformative Resilience : Challenges and Opportunities for Post-Trauma Urban Ecosystems. Critical Planning, Summer, 9–23.
Gross, J. S. (2008). Sustainability versus Resilience: What is the global urban future and can we plan for change? (pp. 1–18).
Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. (2002). Panarchy Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems. In L. Gunderson & C. Holling (Eds.), Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9).
Hernantes, J., Maraña, P., Gimenez, R., Sarriegi, J. M., & Labaka, L. (2019). Towards resilient cities: A maturity model for operationalizing resilience. Cities, 84(December 2017), 96–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.07.010
Holling, C. S. (2001). Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological, and Social Systems. Ecosystems, 4(5), 390–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0101-5
Holling, C. S., & Meffe, G. K. (1996). Command and Control and the Pathology of Natural Resource Management. Conservation Biology, 10(2), 328–337.
Jha, A., Miner, T., & Stanton-Geddes., Z. (2013). Building Urban Resilience Principles, Tools, and Practice (T. W. Miner, Z. Stanton-Geddes, & A. K. Jha (eds.); Library of). World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-8865-5
Martin-breen, P., & Anderies, J. M. (2011). Resilience : A Literature Review.
Martin, R. (2012). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr019
Martin, R., Sunley, P., Gardiner, B., & Tyler, P. (2016). How Regions React to Recessions: Resilience and the Role of Economic Structure. Regional Studies, 50(4), 561–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2015.1136410
Normandin, J.-M., Therien, M.-C., Pelling, M., & Paterson, S. (2019). The Definition of Urban Resilience: A Transformation Path Towards Collaborative Urban Risk Governance. Urban Resilience for Risk and Adaptation Governance, 599, 293–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02904-7
Olazabal, M., & Pascual, U. (2011). Postulates of urban resilient sustainability transitions: a cross-disciplinary approach. ISEE 2012 Conference - Ecological Economics and Rio+20: Challenges and Contributions for a Green Economy, 1, 1–22.
Perrings, C. (2006). Resilience and sustainable development. Environment and Development Economics, 11(4), 417–427. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X06003020
Pinho, P., Oliveira, V., Cruz, S. S., Sousa, S., Martins, A., Morgado, S., Costa, J. pedro, & Dias, L. (2008). SUPERCITIES Sustainable Land Use Policies for Resilient Cities.
Resilience Aliance. (2007). A Research Prospectus for Urban Resilience (Issue February, pp. 1–24).
Salat, S., & Bourdic, L. (2012). Systemic resilience of complex urban systems. TeMA Journal of Land Use Mobility and Environment, 2, 55–68.
Schlör, H., Venghaus, S., & Hake, J. F. (2018). The FEW-Nexus city index – Measuring urban resilience. Applied Energy, 210, 382–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.026
Sensier, M., Bristow, G., & Healy, A. (2016). Measuring Regional Economic Resilience across Europe: Operationalizing a complex concept. Spatial Economic Analysis, 11(2), 128–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2016.1129435
Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2018). Resilience-oriented Urban Planning. In Y. Yamagata & A. Sharifi (Eds.), Resilience-oriented Urban Planning Theorical and Empirical Insights (Lecture No, Vol. 65, pp. 67–90). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75798-8_4
Simmie, J., & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of regions: towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029
Simmie, James, & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029
Stockholm Resilience Center. (2014). Applying resilience thinking: Seven principles for building resilience in social-ecological systems.
The Rockefeller Foundation. (2016). Analysis of Resilience Measurement Frameworks and Approaches (Issue October). www. measuringresilience.org
Tobin, G. (1999). Sustainability and community resilience: the holy grail of hazards planning? Environmental Hazards, 1(1), 13–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2867(99)00002-9
Twigg, J., Tanenbaum, J. J. G., Williams, A. M., Desjardins, A., Tanenbaum, K., Peres, E., Plessis, C., Mora, C., Frazier, A. G., Longman, R. J., Dacks, R. S., Walton, M. M., Tong, E. J., Sanchez, J. J., Kaiser, L. R., Stender, Y. O., Anderson, J. M., Ambrosino, C. M., Fernandez-Silva, I., … Minshall, T. (2013). Characteristics of a Disaster-Resilient Community: A Guidance Note. International Journal of Production Research, 1(2), 1–84. https://doi.org/10.1890/100068
UN-Habitat. (2020). Healthy Pandemic Resilient Cities (Issue July). https://www.worldurbancampaign.org/sites/default/files/healthy_pandemic_resilient_cities_report_-_shelter_program_003-20200730.pdf
UN-HABITAT. (2012). State of the world`s cities 2010/2011: bridging the urban divide.
United Nations. (2015). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. https://doi.org/A/CONF.224/CRP.1
United Nations Secretary-General’s High-level Panel on Global Sustainability. (2012). Resilient People, Resilient Planet: A future worth choosing.
Walker, B., Holling, C. S., Carpenter, S. R., & Kinzig, A. (2004). Resilience , Adaptability and Transformability in Social – ecological Systems. Ecology and Society, 9(2).
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Carlos Gonçalves, Monique Borges , João Marques
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Cidades, Comunidades e Territórios by DINÂMIA'CET-IUL is licensed under a Creative Commons Atribuição-Uso Não-Comercial-Proibição de realização de Obras Derivadas 4.0 Unported License.Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available at mailto:cidades.dinamiacet@iscte.pt.
