Las Mujeres y el Mito de la Agricultura de Subsistencia. De la exportación de alimentos a la dependencia alimentaria en el sur de Mozambique
Keywords:
Mozambique, historia, agricultura doméstica, mujeres, movilidad, mercadosAbstract
Uno de los temas recurrentes en los debates sobre desarrollo rural en Mozambique es la existencia y el protagonismo de la llamada agricultura doméstica de subsistencia, también referida como sector familiar. En este artículo nos proponemos cuestionar este concepto a través de una perspectiva histórica que siga los cambios producidos en las zonas rurales del sur de Mozambique, antes, durante y después del colonialismo. A menudo conceptos como economía doméstica tienden a simplificar demasiado las realidades complejas de las zonas rurales, dificultando análisis más detallados sobre los cambios que allí acontecen, por ejemplo en relación a la existencia de mercados rurales, o a las desigualdades y dependencias sociales que estructuran las sociedades rurales.References
Adam, Y. (2006). Cooperativização na agricultura e relações de produção em Moçambique. Maputo: Promédia.
Ali, R. (2013). Mercados de trabalho rurais: Porque são negligenciados nas políticas de emprego, redução da pobreza e desenvolvimento em Moçambique? In Brito, L., Castel-Branco, C., Chichava, S., & Francisco, A. (Orgs.), Perspectivas para Moçambique 2013 (pp. 211-237). Maputo: IESE.
Alpers, E. (1984). State, merchant capital and gender relations in southern Mozambique to the end of the nineteenth century: Some tentative hypothesis. African Economic History, 13, pp. 23-55.
Boeyens, J. (1994). Black ivory: The indenture system and slavery in Zoutspansberg, 1848-1869. In Eldredge, E., & Morton, F. (Eds.), Slavery in Africa. Captive labour on the Dutch frontier (pp. 187-214). Boulder: Westview Press.
Bowen, M. L. (1989). Peasant agriculture in Mozambique: The case of Chokwe, Gaza Province. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 23(3), 355-379.
DOI : 10.2307/485183
Capela, J., & Medeiros, E. (1987). O tráfico de escravos de Moçambique para as ilhas do Índico, 1720-1902. Maputo: Núcleo Editorial da UEM.
Capela, J. (1991). O apriorismo ideológico na História de Moçambique. In José, A., & Meneses, P. (Eds.), Moçambique - 16 anos de historiografia. Focos, problemas, metodologias, desafios para a década do 90 (pp. 73-78). Maputo: Coleção Painel Moçambicano.
Casal, A. Y. (1988). A crise de produção familiar e as aldeias comunais em Moçambique. Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos, 8-9, pp. 157-191.
Casal, A. Y. (1991). Discurso socialista e camponeses africanos: Legitimação política-ideológica da socialização rural em Moçambique (FRELIMO 1965-1984). Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos, 14-15, pp. 35-76.
Castel-Branco, C. (2008a). Notas de reflexão sobre a Revolução Verde. Contributos para um debate. Discussion Paper nº 2/2008. Recuperado el 15 de Junio, 2014, de http://www.iese.ac.mz/lib/publication/dp_2008/Discussion_Paper2_Revolucao_Verde.pdf
Castel-Branco, C. (2008b). Desafios do desenvolvimento rural em Moçambique: Contributo crítico com debate de postulados básicos. Discussion Paper nº 3/2008. Recuperado el 17 de Junio, 2014, de http://www.iese.ac.mz/lib/publication/dp_2008/DP_03_2008_Desafios_DesenvRural_Mocambique.pdf
CEA (Centro de Estudos Africanos - Universidade Eduardo Mondlane). (1998). O mineiro moçambicano. Um estudo sobre a exportação de mão de obra em Inhambane. Maputo: CEA-UEM (Obra original publicada en 1977).
Covane, L. A. (1989). As relações económicas entre Moçambique e a África do Sul 1850-1964. Acordos e regulamentos principais. Maputo: Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique.
Covane, L. A. (2001). O trabalho migratório e a agricultura no sul de Moçambique (1920-1992). Maputo: Promédia.
Cramer, C., & Pontara, N. (1998). Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique: What’s missing from the debate? Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(1), 101-138.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X97002668
Cramer, C., Oya, C., & Sender, J. (2008). Lifting the blinkers: A new view of power, diversity and poverty in Mozambican rural labour markets. Journal of Modern African Studies, 46(3), 361-392.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X08003340
Cravinho, J. (1998). Frelimo and the politics of agricultural marketing in Mozambique. Journal of Southern African Studies, 24(1), 93-113.
DOI : 10.1080/03057079808708568
Dinerman, A. (1999). O surgimento dos antigos régulos como “chefes de produção” na província de Nampula (1975-1987). Estudos Moçambicanos, 17, pp. 95-256.
Dinerman, A. (2001). Peasant and state in Mozambique. Journal of Peasant Studies, 28(3), 143-154.
DOI : 10.1080/03066150108438779
Earthy, D. (1968). Valenge women. The social and economic life of the Valenge women of Portuguese East Africa. Londres: Frank Cass (Obra original publicada en 1933).
Farré, A. (2013). A broken link. Two generations in a rural household in Massinga district, southern Mozambique. Anthropology Southern Africa, 36(3 & 4), 124-129.
Farré, A. (forthcoming). Women as mediators in post-war Mozambique: Pushing lobolo from price to propriety. In Hart, K. (Series Ed.) & Hart, K., & Sharp, J. (Vol. Eds.), Human economy: Vol 2. Economy for and against democracy. Nueva York: Berghahn Books.
Feliciano, J. F. (1998). Antropologia econômica dos Thonga do sul de Moçambique. Maputo: Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique.
Ferguson, J. (2013). Declarations of dependence: Labour, personhood and welfare in Southern Africa. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.), 19, pp. 223-242.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-9655.12023
First, R. (1983). Black gold: The Mozambican miner, proletarian and peasant. Brighton: Harvester.
Francisco, A. (2012). Moçambique e a explosão demográfica: Somos muitos? Somos poucos? IDeIAS Boletim do IESE, 45. Recuperado el 20 de Junio, 2014, de http://www.iese.ac.mz/lib/publication/outras/ideias/ideias_45.pdf
Hall, M. (1990). The Mozambican National Resistance Movement (Renamo). A study in the destruction of an African country. Africa, 60(1), 39-68.
DOI : 10.2307/1160426
Harries, P. (1981a). The anthropologist as historian and liberal: H-A. Junod and the Thonga. Journal of Southern African Studies, 8(1), 37-50.
DOI : 10.1080/03057078108708033
Harries, P. (1981b). Slavery, social incorporation and surplus extraction: The nature of free and unfree labour in South-East Africa. Journal of African History, 22(3), 309-330.
DOI : 10.1017/S0021853700019551
Harries, P. (1982). Kinship, ideology and the nature of pre-colonial labour migration. Labour migration from the Delagoa Bay hinterland to South Africa up to 1985. In Marks, S., & Rathbone, R. (Eds.), Industrialisation and social change in South Africa (pp. 142-166). Nueva York: Longman.
Harries, P. (1994). Work, culture and identity: Migrant labourers in Mozambique and South Africa, c. 1860- 1910. Portsmouth & Johannesburg: Heinemann & Witwatersrand University Press.
Harris, M. (1959). Labor emigration among the Moçambique Thonga: Cultural and political factors. Africa, 29(1), 50-66.
Harrison, G. (1998). Marketing legitimacy in rural Mozambique: The case of Mecufi district, northern Mozambique. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 36(4), 569-591.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X98002924
Henshaw, P. (1998). The “key to South Africa” in the 1890s: Delagoa Bay and the origins of the South African war. Journal of Southern African Studies, 24(3), 527-543.
Isaacman, A. (1992). Peasants, work and the labour process: Forced cotton cultivation in colonial Mozambique 1938-1961. Journal of Social History, 25(4), 815-855.
Junod, H. (1962). The life of a South African tribe. Nueva York: University Books (Obra original publicada en 1914 y revisada en 1926).
DOI : 10.2307/29738054
Kruks, S., & Wisner, B. (1984). The state, the party and the female peasantry in Mozambique. Journal of Southern African Studies, 11(1), 106-127.
DOI : 10.1080/03057078408708090
Lemos, M. J. C. (1995). Relações de Lourenço Marques com o Transvaal, antes e depois da ligação ferroviária. Arquivo. Boletim do Arquivo Histórico de Moçambique, 17, pp. 87-124.
Liesegang, G. (1970). Nguni migrations between Delagoa Bay and the Zambezi, 1821-1839. African Historical Studies, 3(2), 317-337.
DOI : 10.2307/216219
Liesegang, G. (1975). Aspects of Gaza Nguni history. Rhodesian History, 6, pp. 1-14.
Manceaux, M. (1976). Mulheres de Moçambique. Lisboa: Arcadia.
Manghezi, A. (1983). Ku thekela: Estratégias de sobrevivência contra a fome no sul de Moçambique. Estudos Moçambicanos, 4, pp. 19-40.
Mariano, E., & Paulo, M. (2009). Infertilidade, fertilidade: Áreas escondidas do nosso quotidiano? Maputo: Kula.
Marleyn, O., Wield, D., & Williams, R. (1982). Notes on the political and organisational offensive in Mozambique and its relationship to agricultural policy. Review of African Political Economy, 24, pp. 114-120.
DOI : 10.1080/03056248208703503
Mauss, M. (1991). Sociología y antropología (T. Rubio de Martín-Retortillo, Trad.). Madrid: Tecnos (Obra original publicada en 1968).
Morice, A. (2009). Être mozambicain dans le Mpumalanga. Lusotopie, 16(1), 99-112.
Mosca, J. (2011). Políticas agrárias de (em) Moçambique (1975-2009). Maputo: Escolar Editora.
Murray, M. (1995). “Blackbirding” at “Crook’s Corner”: Illicit labour recruiting in the north-eastern Transvaal, 1910-1940. Journal of Southern African Studies, 21(3), 373-397.
Negrão, J. (1998). Homens e mulheres na agricultura. In Loforte, A. E., & Arthur, M. J. (Eds.), Relações de género em Moçambique: Educação, trabalho e saúde (pp. 17-26). Maputo: Departamento de Antropologia e Arqueologia, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.
Negrão, J. (2008). Minimizar as causas da instabilidade. Moçambique: Agricultura e ajustamento. In Negrão, J., Repensando a terra e as modas do desenvolvimento rural (pp. 12-55). Maputo: Texto Editora (Obra original publicada en 1992).
Newitt, M. (1988). Drought in Mozambique (1823-1831). Journal of Southern African Studies, 15(1), 15-35.
Nhambi, S., & Grest, J. (2009). Mobility, migration and trade: Interactive flows between Durban and southern Mozambique. In Brito, L., Castel-Branco, C., Chichava, S., & Francisco, A. (Orgs.), Southern Africa and challenges for Mozambique (pp. 59-87). Maputo: IESE.
O’Laughlin, B. (1996). Through a divided glass: Dualism, class and the agrarian question in Mozambique. Journal of Peasant Studies, 23(4), 1-39.
DOI : 10.1080/03066159608438618
O’Laughlin, B. (2002). Proletarianisation, agency and changing rural livelihoods: Forced labour and resistance in colonial Mozambique. Journal of Southern African Studies, 28(3), 511-530.
DOI : 10.1080/0305707022000006495
O’Meara, D. (1991). The collapse of Mozambican socialism. Transformation, 14, pp. 82-103.
Peters, P. (1983). Gender, developmental cycles and historical process: A critique of recent research on women in Botswana. Journal of Southern African Studies, 10(1), 100-122.
DOI : 10.1080/03057078308708070
Pitcher, M. A. (1998). Disruption without transformation: Agrarian relations and livelihoods in Nampula province, Mozambique 1975-1995. Journal of Southern African Studies, 24(1), 115-140.
DOI : 10.1080/03057079808708569
Pitcher, M. A. (1999). What’s missing from “What’s missing?” A reply to C. Cramer and N. Pontara, “Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique: What’s missing from the debate?”. Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(4), 697-709.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X99003195
Raikes, Ph. (1985). Food policy and production in Mozambique since independence. In Pottier, J. (Ed.), Food systems in Central & Southern Africa (pp. 231-245). Londres: SOAS - University of London.
DOI : 10.1080/03056248408703570
Roesch, O. (1991). Migrant labour and forced rice production in southern Mozambique: The colonial peasantry of the lower Limpopo Valley. Journal of Southern African Studies, 17(2), 239-270.
DOI : 10.1080/03057079108708277
Sender, J., Oya, C., & Cramer, C. (2006). Women working for wages: Putting flesh on the bones of a rural labour market survey in Mozambique. Journal of Southern African Studies, 32(2), 313-333.
DOI : 10.1080/03057070600656291
Sheldon, K. (2003). Markets and gardens: Placing women in the history of urban Mozambique. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 37(2/3), 358-395.
DOI : 10.2307/4107243
Smith, A. (1991). The idea of Mozambique and its enemies, c. 1890-1930. Journal of Southern African Studies, 17(3), 496-524.
Söderbaum, F., & Taylor, I. (2003). Regionalism and uneven development in Southern Africa. Londres: Ashgate.
Tschirley, D., & Benfica, R. (2001). Smallholder agriculture, wage labour, and rural poverty alleviation in land-abundant areas of Africa: Evidence from Mozambique. Journal of Modern African Studies, 39(2), 333-358.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X01003585
Valá, S. C. (2003). A problemática da posse da terra na região agrária de Chókwè (1954-1995). Maputo: Promédia.
Van den Berg, J. (1987). A peasant form of production: Wage-dependent agriculture in southern Mozambique. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 21(3), 375-389.
Vidal, D. (2009). Entre Maputo et Johannesburg. Qu’est le système du travail migrant devenu? Lusotopie, 16(1), 85-97.
Wardman, A. (1985). The co-operative movement in Chokwe, Mozambique. Journal of Southern African Studies, 11(2), 295-304.
Waterhouse, R. (2001). Estabelecendo a ponte entre o rural e o urbano: Um estudo de caso sobre estratégias de sustento quotidiano das mulheres na aldeia de Ndixe, distrito de Marracuene, província de Maputo. In Waterhouse, R., & Vijfhuizen, C. (Eds.), Estra-tégias das mulheres, proveito dos homens. Género, terra e recursos naturais em diferentes contextos rurais em Moçambique (pp. 59-88). Maputo: Núcleo de Estudos da Terra (UEM) - ActionAid Moçambique.
Waterhouse, R., & Vijfhuizen, C. (Eds.). (2001). Estratégias das mulheres, proveito dos homens. Género, terra e recursos naturais em diferentes contextos rurais em Moçambique. Maputo: Núcleo de Estudos da Terra (UEM) - ActionAid Moçambique.
Webster, D. (1986). The political economy of food production and nutrition in Southern Africa in historical perspective. Journal of Modern African Studies, 24(3), 447-463.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X00007114
West, H. (1998). “This neighbour is not my uncle!”: Changing relations of power and authority on the Mueda Plateau. Journal of Southern African Studies, 24(1), 141-160.
Wuyts, M. (1981). Sul do Save: Estabilização e transformação da força de trabalho. Estudos Moçambicanos, 3, pp. 33-44.
Young, S. (1977). Fertility and famine: Women’s agricultural history in southern Mozambique. In Palmer, R., & Parsons, N. (Eds.), The roots of rural poverty in Central and Southern Africa (pp. 66-81). Londres: Heinemann.
Young, T. (1990). The MNR/RENAMO: External and internal dynamics. African Affairs, 89(357), 491-509.
Zimba, B. (2003). Mulheres invisíveis: O género e as políticas comerciais no sul de Moçambique, 1720-1830. Maputo: Promédia.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
I authorize the publication of the submitted article/review of which I am the author.
I also declare that this article is original, that it has not been published in any other way, and that I exclusively assign the publication rights to the journal Cadernos de Estudos Africanos. Reproduction of the article, in whole or in part, in other publications or on other media is subject to the prior authorization of the publisher Centro de Estudos Internacionais do Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa.