Tratamento agudo da enxaqueca e do estado de mal de enxaqueca em pediatria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25753/BirthGrowthMJ.v28.i3.15431Palavras-chave:
tratamento agudo, enxaqueca, pediatria, estado de mal de enxaquecaResumo
A enxaqueca é a cefaleia aguda e recorrente mais comum em crianças e adolescentes, mantendo-se, no entanto, subdiagnosticada. O diagnóstico de enxaqueca na infância baseia-se em critérios semelhantes aos utilizados em adultos, mas com algumas particularidades, tais como a duração da cefaleia, que geralmente é muito menor do que no adulto, e a sua localização, que pode muitas vezes ser bilateral. Apesar da elevada prevalência, a enxaqueca pediátrica continua a ser subtratada, por vezes devido a receio dos cuidadores e médicos e à falta de estudos sobre o seu tratamento. Embora as opções de tratamento para a enxaqueca pediátrica tenham vindo a aumentar, permanecem limitadas.
Neste artigo, os autores apresentam uma revisão dos fármacos atualmente aprovados e utilizados “off-label” para o tratamento agudo da enxaqueca e do estado de mal de enxaqueca em pediatria. No tratamento da enxaqueca devem ser usados anti-inflamatórios não-esteroides (AINEs). Na enxaqueca moderada a grave que não responde a analgésicos ou AINEs, podem ser utilizados triptanos, isoladamente ou em combinação com aqueles. Medicamentos de resgate, incluindo dihidroergotamina e valproato de sódio, podem ser usados em contexto hospitalar no estado de mal de enxaqueca. Antieméticos com propriedades anti-dopaminérgicas podem ser úteis em doentes com náuseas e vómitos, além de cefaleia, especialmente quando usados em combinação com outros fármacos.
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Referências
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Emergency Room. Pediatr Neurol. 2012; 47:233–41.
2. Lewis DW. Pediatric Migraine. Neurol Clin. 2009; 27:481–501.
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5. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence
Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence,
prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and
injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis
for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017;
390:1211–59.
6. O’Brien HL, Kabbouche MA, Hershey AD. Treating pediatric
migraine: an expert opinion. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;
13:959–66.
7. Powers SW, Patton SR, Hommel KA, Hershey AD. Quality of Life
in Childhood Migraines: Clinical Impact and Comparison to
Other Chronic Illnesses. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:e1–5.
8. Kaar CRJ, Gerard JM, Nakanishi AK. The Use of a Pediatric
Migraine Practice Guideline in an Emergency Department
Setting. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015; 32:435–9.
9. Kernick D, Reinhold D, Campbell JL. Impact of headache on
young people in a school population. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;
59:678–81.
10. Kabbouche M. Pediatric Inpatient Headache Therapy: What is
Available. Headache 2015; 55:1426–9.
11. O’Brien HL, Kabbouche MA, Kacperski J, Hershey AD.
Treatment of Pediatric Migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol.
2015; 17:326–43.
12. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Valkeila E, Santavuori P. Ibuprofen
or acetaminophen for the acute treatment of migraine in
children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled,
crossover study. Neurology. 1997; 48:103–7.
13. Freitag FG, Schloemer F, Shumate D. Recent developments
in the treatment of migraine in children and adolescents.
Headache Pain Manag. 2016; 1:1–8.
14. Sheridan DC, Spiro DM, Meckler GD. Pediatric Migraine:
Abortive Management in the Emergency Department.
Headache 2014; 54:235–45.
15. Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, Hirtz D, Yonker M, Silberstein
S. Practice parameter: pharmacological treatment of migraine
headache in children and adolescents: report of the American
Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee
and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society.
Neurology 2004; 63:2215–24.
16. Richer L, Billinghurst L, Linsdell MA, Russel K, Vandermeer B,
Crumley ET, et al. Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine
in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews 2016; 4:CD005220.
17. Brousseau DC, Duffy SJ, Anderson AC, Linakis JG. Treatment of
pediatric migraine headaches: a randomized, double-blind trial
of prochlorperazine versus ketorolac. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;
43:256–62.
18. Brenner M, Lewis D. The treatment of migraine headaches
in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2008;
13:17–24.
19. McDonald SA, Hershey AD, Pearlman E, Lewis D, Winner PK,
Rothner D, et al. Long-Term Evaluation of Sumatriptan and
Naproxen Sodium for the Acute Treatment of Migraine in
Adolescents. Headache. 2011; 51:1374–87.
20. Klapper J, Mathew N, Nett R. Triptans in the treatment of
basilar migraine and migraine with prolonged aura. Headache.
2001; 41:981–4.
21. Russell MB, Ducros A. Sporadic and familial hemiplegic
migraine: pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical
characteristics, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol.
2011; 10:457–70.
22. Linder SL, Mathew NT, Cady RK, Finlayson G, Ishkanian G, Lewis
DW. Efficacy and Tolerability of Almotriptan in Adolescents:
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Headache. 2008; 48:1326–36.
23. Winner P, Rothner AD, Saper J, Nett R, Asgharnejad M, Laurenza
A, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled
Study of Sumatriptan Nasal Spray in the Treatment of Acute
Migraine in Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2000; 106:989–97.
24. Ahonen K, Hämäläinen ML, Rantala H, Hoppu K. Nasal
sumatriptan is effective in treatment of migraine attacks in
children: A randomized trial. Neurology. 2004; 62:883–7.
25. Ahonen K, Hämäläinen ML, Eerola M, Hoppu K. A randomized
trial of rizatriptan in migraine attacks in children. Neurology.
2006; 67:1135–40.
26. McKeage K. Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray: A Review in Acute
Migraine in Pediatric Patients 12 Years of Age or Older. Paediatr
Drugs. 2016; 18:75–81.
27. Winner P, Farkas V, Stillová H, Woodruff B, Liss C, Lillieborg S,
et al. Efficacy and tolerability of zolmitriptan nasal spray for
the treatment of acute migraine in adolescents: Results of a
randomized, double-blind, multi-center, parallel-group study
(TEENZ). Headache. 2016; 56:1107–19.
28. Charles JA. Almotriptan in the acute treatment of migraine in
patients 11-17 years old: an open-label pilot study of efficacy
and safety. J Headache Pain. 2006; 7:95–7.
29. Eiland LS, Hunt MO. The use of triptans for pediatric migraines.
Paediatr Drugs. 2010; 12:379–89.
30. Fujita M, Sato K, Nishioka H, Sakai F. Oral sumatriptan
for migraine in children and adolescents: a randomized,
multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel group study.
Cephalalgia. 2014; 34:365–75.
31. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Santavuori P. Sumatriptan for
migraine attacks in children: a randomized placebo-controlled
study. Do children with migraine respond to oral sumatriptan
differently from adults? Neurology. 1997; 48:1100–3.
32. Sakai F. Oral Triptans in Children and Adolescents: An Update.
Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015; 19:342–4.
33. Derosier FJ, Lewis D, Hershey AD, Winner PK, Pearlman E,
Rothner AD, et al. Randomized trial of sumatriptan and
naproxen sodium combination in adolescent migraine.
Pediatrics. 2012; 129:e1411–20.
34. Damen L, Brujin JK, Verhagen AP, Berger MY, Passchien J,
Koes BW. Symptomatic treatment of migraine in children:
a systematic review of medication trials. Pediatrics. 2005;
116:e295–302.
35. Ueberall MA, Wenzel D. Intranasal sumatriptan for the acute
treatment of migraine in children. Neurology. 1999; 52:1507–
10.
36. Linder SL. Subcutaneous sumatriptan in the clinical setting: the
first 50 consecutive patients with acute migraine in a pediatric
neurology office practice. Headache. 1996; 36:419–22.
37. MacDonald JT. Treatment of juvenile migraine with
subcutaneous sumatriptan. Headache. 1994; 34:581–2.
38. Ho TW, Pearlman E, Lewis D, Hämäläinen ML, Connor K,
Michelson D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of rizatriptan in
pediatric migraineurs: Results from a randomized, doubleblind,
placebo-controlled trial using a novel adaptive
enrichment design. Cephalalgia. 2012; 32:750–65.
39. Hewitt DJ, Pearlman E, Hämäläinen ML, Lewis D, Connor
KM, Michelson D, et al. Long-Term Open-Label Safety Study
of Rizatriptan Acute Treatment in Pediatric Migraineurs.
Headache. 2012; 53:104–17.
40. Linder SL, Dowson AJ. Zolmitriptan provides effective migraine
relief in adolescents. Int J Clin Pract. 2000; 54:466-9.
41. Rothner AD, Wasiewski W, Winner P, Lewis D, Stankowski J.
Zolmitriptan oral tablet in migraine treatment: high placebo
responses in adolescents. Headache. 2006; 46:101-9 .
42. Evers S. Rahmann A, Kraemer C, Kurlemann G, Debus O,
Husstedt IW, et al. Treatment of childhood migraine attacks
with oral zolmitriptan and ibuprofen. Neurology. 2006; 67:497-
9.
43. Winner P, Linder SL, Lipton RB, Almas M, Parsons B, Pitman V.
Eletriptan for the Acute Treatment of Migraine in Adolescents:
Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Headache.
2007; 47:511–18.
44. Richer L, Craig W, Rowe B. Randomized Controlled Trial of
Treatment Expectation and Intravenous Fluid in Pediatric
Migraine. Headache. 2014; 54:1496–505.
45. Patniyot IR, Gelfand AA. Acute Treatment Therapies for
Pediatric Migraine: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Headache.
2016; 56:49–70.
46. Sheridan DC, Laurie A, Pacheco S, Fu R, Hansen ML, Ma OJ, et
al. Relative Effectiveness of Dopamine Antagonists for Pediatric
Migraine in the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care.
2018; 34:165–8.
47. Kabbouche MA, Vockell AL, LeCates SL, Powers SW, Hershey
AD. Tolerability and Effectiveness of Prochlorperazine for
Intractable Migraine in Children. Pediatrics. 2001; 107:e62–4.
48. Bachur RG, Monuteaux MC, Neuman MI. A Comparison of
Acute Treatment Regimens for Migraine in the Emergency
Department. Pediatrics. 2015; 135:232–8.
49. Coppola M, Yealy DM, Leibold RA. Randomized, placebocontrolled
evaluation of prochlorperazine versus
metoclopramide for emergency department treatment of
migraine headache. Ann Emerg Med. 1995; 26:541–6.
50. Kanis JM, Timm NL. Chlorpromazine for the treatment of
migraine in a pediatric emergency department. Headache.
2014; 54:335–42.
51. Sheridan DC, Meckler GD. Inpatient Pediatric Migraine
Treatment: Does Choice of Abortive Therapy Affect Length of
Stay? J. Pediatr. 2016; 179:211–5.
52. Linder SL. Treatment of Childhood Headache with
Dihydroergotamine Mesylate. Headache. 1994; 34:578–80.
53. 53. Kabbouche MA, Powers SW, Segers A, LeCates S, Manning
P, Biederman S, et al. Inpatient Treatment of Status Migraine
With Dihydroergotamine in Children and Adolescents.
Headache. 2009; 49:106–9.
54. Raskin NH. Treatment of status migrainosus: the American
experience. Headache. 1990; 30:550–3.
55. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Santavuori PR. Oral
dihydroergotamine for therapy-resistant migraine attacks in
children. Pediatr Neurol. 1997; 16:114–7.
56. Reiter PD, Nickisch J, Merritt G. Efficacy and tolerability of
intravenous valproic acid in acute adolescent migraine.
Headache. 2005; 45:899–903.
57. Sheridan D, Sun B, O’Brien P, Hansen M. Intravenous Sodium
Valproate for Acute Pediatric Headache. J Emerg Med. 2015;
49:541–5.
58. Zafar MS, Stewart AM, Toupin DN, Cook AM, Baumann RJ.
Continuous Intravenous Valproate as Abortive Therapy for
Pediatric Status Migrainosus. Neurologist. 2018; 23:43–6.
59. Mathew NT, Kailasam J, Meadors L, Chernyschev O, Gentry
P. Intravenous valproate sodium (depacon) aborts migraine
rapidly: a preliminary report. Headache. 2000; 40:720–3.
60. Legault G, Eisman H, Shevell MI. Treatment of Pediatric Status
Migrainosus: can we prevent the “bounce back”? J Child
Neurol. 2011; 26:949–55.
61. Akhtar ND, Murray MA, Rothner AD. Status migrainosus in
children and adolescents. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001; 8:27–
33.
62. Gertsch E, Loharuka S, Wolter-Warmedam K, Tong S, Kempe
A, Kedia S. Intravenous Magnesium As Acute Treatment for
Headaches: A Pediatric Case Series. J Emerg Med. 2014;
46:308–12.
63. Sheridan DC, Spiro DM, Nguyen T, Koch TK, Meckler GD. Low-
Dose Propofol for the Abortive Treatment of Pediatric Migraine
in the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;
28:1293–6.
64. Zhidambaran V, Costandi A, D’Mello A. Propofol: a review of
its role in pediatric anesthesia and sedation. CNS Drugs. 2018;
32:543–63.
Emergency Room. Pediatr Neurol. 2012; 47:233–41.
2. Lewis DW. Pediatric Migraine. Neurol Clin. 2009; 27:481–501.
3. Headache Classification Committee of the International
Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of
Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018; 38:1–211.
4. Kacperski J, Kabbouche MA, O’Brien HL, Weberding JL.
The optimal management of headaches in children and
adolescents. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016; 9:53–68.
5. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence
Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence,
prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and
injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis
for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017;
390:1211–59.
6. O’Brien HL, Kabbouche MA, Hershey AD. Treating pediatric
migraine: an expert opinion. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2012;
13:959–66.
7. Powers SW, Patton SR, Hommel KA, Hershey AD. Quality of Life
in Childhood Migraines: Clinical Impact and Comparison to
Other Chronic Illnesses. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:e1–5.
8. Kaar CRJ, Gerard JM, Nakanishi AK. The Use of a Pediatric
Migraine Practice Guideline in an Emergency Department
Setting. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015; 32:435–9.
9. Kernick D, Reinhold D, Campbell JL. Impact of headache on
young people in a school population. Br J Gen Pract. 2009;
59:678–81.
10. Kabbouche M. Pediatric Inpatient Headache Therapy: What is
Available. Headache 2015; 55:1426–9.
11. O’Brien HL, Kabbouche MA, Kacperski J, Hershey AD.
Treatment of Pediatric Migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol.
2015; 17:326–43.
12. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Valkeila E, Santavuori P. Ibuprofen
or acetaminophen for the acute treatment of migraine in
children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled,
crossover study. Neurology. 1997; 48:103–7.
13. Freitag FG, Schloemer F, Shumate D. Recent developments
in the treatment of migraine in children and adolescents.
Headache Pain Manag. 2016; 1:1–8.
14. Sheridan DC, Spiro DM, Meckler GD. Pediatric Migraine:
Abortive Management in the Emergency Department.
Headache 2014; 54:235–45.
15. Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, Hirtz D, Yonker M, Silberstein
S. Practice parameter: pharmacological treatment of migraine
headache in children and adolescents: report of the American
Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee
and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society.
Neurology 2004; 63:2215–24.
16. Richer L, Billinghurst L, Linsdell MA, Russel K, Vandermeer B,
Crumley ET, et al. Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine
in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database of Systematic
Reviews 2016; 4:CD005220.
17. Brousseau DC, Duffy SJ, Anderson AC, Linakis JG. Treatment of
pediatric migraine headaches: a randomized, double-blind trial
of prochlorperazine versus ketorolac. Ann Emerg Med. 2004;
43:256–62.
18. Brenner M, Lewis D. The treatment of migraine headaches
in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2008;
13:17–24.
19. McDonald SA, Hershey AD, Pearlman E, Lewis D, Winner PK,
Rothner D, et al. Long-Term Evaluation of Sumatriptan and
Naproxen Sodium for the Acute Treatment of Migraine in
Adolescents. Headache. 2011; 51:1374–87.
20. Klapper J, Mathew N, Nett R. Triptans in the treatment of
basilar migraine and migraine with prolonged aura. Headache.
2001; 41:981–4.
21. Russell MB, Ducros A. Sporadic and familial hemiplegic
migraine: pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical
characteristics, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Neurol.
2011; 10:457–70.
22. Linder SL, Mathew NT, Cady RK, Finlayson G, Ishkanian G, Lewis
DW. Efficacy and Tolerability of Almotriptan in Adolescents:
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.
Headache. 2008; 48:1326–36.
23. Winner P, Rothner AD, Saper J, Nett R, Asgharnejad M, Laurenza
A, et al. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled
Study of Sumatriptan Nasal Spray in the Treatment of Acute
Migraine in Adolescents. Pediatrics. 2000; 106:989–97.
24. Ahonen K, Hämäläinen ML, Rantala H, Hoppu K. Nasal
sumatriptan is effective in treatment of migraine attacks in
children: A randomized trial. Neurology. 2004; 62:883–7.
25. Ahonen K, Hämäläinen ML, Eerola M, Hoppu K. A randomized
trial of rizatriptan in migraine attacks in children. Neurology.
2006; 67:1135–40.
26. McKeage K. Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray: A Review in Acute
Migraine in Pediatric Patients 12 Years of Age or Older. Paediatr
Drugs. 2016; 18:75–81.
27. Winner P, Farkas V, Stillová H, Woodruff B, Liss C, Lillieborg S,
et al. Efficacy and tolerability of zolmitriptan nasal spray for
the treatment of acute migraine in adolescents: Results of a
randomized, double-blind, multi-center, parallel-group study
(TEENZ). Headache. 2016; 56:1107–19.
28. Charles JA. Almotriptan in the acute treatment of migraine in
patients 11-17 years old: an open-label pilot study of efficacy
and safety. J Headache Pain. 2006; 7:95–7.
29. Eiland LS, Hunt MO. The use of triptans for pediatric migraines.
Paediatr Drugs. 2010; 12:379–89.
30. Fujita M, Sato K, Nishioka H, Sakai F. Oral sumatriptan
for migraine in children and adolescents: a randomized,
multicenter, placebo-controlled, parallel group study.
Cephalalgia. 2014; 34:365–75.
31. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Santavuori P. Sumatriptan for
migraine attacks in children: a randomized placebo-controlled
study. Do children with migraine respond to oral sumatriptan
differently from adults? Neurology. 1997; 48:1100–3.
32. Sakai F. Oral Triptans in Children and Adolescents: An Update.
Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2015; 19:342–4.
33. Derosier FJ, Lewis D, Hershey AD, Winner PK, Pearlman E,
Rothner AD, et al. Randomized trial of sumatriptan and
naproxen sodium combination in adolescent migraine.
Pediatrics. 2012; 129:e1411–20.
34. Damen L, Brujin JK, Verhagen AP, Berger MY, Passchien J,
Koes BW. Symptomatic treatment of migraine in children:
a systematic review of medication trials. Pediatrics. 2005;
116:e295–302.
35. Ueberall MA, Wenzel D. Intranasal sumatriptan for the acute
treatment of migraine in children. Neurology. 1999; 52:1507–
10.
36. Linder SL. Subcutaneous sumatriptan in the clinical setting: the
first 50 consecutive patients with acute migraine in a pediatric
neurology office practice. Headache. 1996; 36:419–22.
37. MacDonald JT. Treatment of juvenile migraine with
subcutaneous sumatriptan. Headache. 1994; 34:581–2.
38. Ho TW, Pearlman E, Lewis D, Hämäläinen ML, Connor K,
Michelson D, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of rizatriptan in
pediatric migraineurs: Results from a randomized, doubleblind,
placebo-controlled trial using a novel adaptive
enrichment design. Cephalalgia. 2012; 32:750–65.
39. Hewitt DJ, Pearlman E, Hämäläinen ML, Lewis D, Connor
KM, Michelson D, et al. Long-Term Open-Label Safety Study
of Rizatriptan Acute Treatment in Pediatric Migraineurs.
Headache. 2012; 53:104–17.
40. Linder SL, Dowson AJ. Zolmitriptan provides effective migraine
relief in adolescents. Int J Clin Pract. 2000; 54:466-9.
41. Rothner AD, Wasiewski W, Winner P, Lewis D, Stankowski J.
Zolmitriptan oral tablet in migraine treatment: high placebo
responses in adolescents. Headache. 2006; 46:101-9 .
42. Evers S. Rahmann A, Kraemer C, Kurlemann G, Debus O,
Husstedt IW, et al. Treatment of childhood migraine attacks
with oral zolmitriptan and ibuprofen. Neurology. 2006; 67:497-
9.
43. Winner P, Linder SL, Lipton RB, Almas M, Parsons B, Pitman V.
Eletriptan for the Acute Treatment of Migraine in Adolescents:
Results of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Headache.
2007; 47:511–18.
44. Richer L, Craig W, Rowe B. Randomized Controlled Trial of
Treatment Expectation and Intravenous Fluid in Pediatric
Migraine. Headache. 2014; 54:1496–505.
45. Patniyot IR, Gelfand AA. Acute Treatment Therapies for
Pediatric Migraine: A Qualitative Systematic Review. Headache.
2016; 56:49–70.
46. Sheridan DC, Laurie A, Pacheco S, Fu R, Hansen ML, Ma OJ, et
al. Relative Effectiveness of Dopamine Antagonists for Pediatric
Migraine in the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care.
2018; 34:165–8.
47. Kabbouche MA, Vockell AL, LeCates SL, Powers SW, Hershey
AD. Tolerability and Effectiveness of Prochlorperazine for
Intractable Migraine in Children. Pediatrics. 2001; 107:e62–4.
48. Bachur RG, Monuteaux MC, Neuman MI. A Comparison of
Acute Treatment Regimens for Migraine in the Emergency
Department. Pediatrics. 2015; 135:232–8.
49. Coppola M, Yealy DM, Leibold RA. Randomized, placebocontrolled
evaluation of prochlorperazine versus
metoclopramide for emergency department treatment of
migraine headache. Ann Emerg Med. 1995; 26:541–6.
50. Kanis JM, Timm NL. Chlorpromazine for the treatment of
migraine in a pediatric emergency department. Headache.
2014; 54:335–42.
51. Sheridan DC, Meckler GD. Inpatient Pediatric Migraine
Treatment: Does Choice of Abortive Therapy Affect Length of
Stay? J. Pediatr. 2016; 179:211–5.
52. Linder SL. Treatment of Childhood Headache with
Dihydroergotamine Mesylate. Headache. 1994; 34:578–80.
53. 53. Kabbouche MA, Powers SW, Segers A, LeCates S, Manning
P, Biederman S, et al. Inpatient Treatment of Status Migraine
With Dihydroergotamine in Children and Adolescents.
Headache. 2009; 49:106–9.
54. Raskin NH. Treatment of status migrainosus: the American
experience. Headache. 1990; 30:550–3.
55. Hämäläinen ML, Hoppu K, Santavuori PR. Oral
dihydroergotamine for therapy-resistant migraine attacks in
children. Pediatr Neurol. 1997; 16:114–7.
56. Reiter PD, Nickisch J, Merritt G. Efficacy and tolerability of
intravenous valproic acid in acute adolescent migraine.
Headache. 2005; 45:899–903.
57. Sheridan D, Sun B, O’Brien P, Hansen M. Intravenous Sodium
Valproate for Acute Pediatric Headache. J Emerg Med. 2015;
49:541–5.
58. Zafar MS, Stewart AM, Toupin DN, Cook AM, Baumann RJ.
Continuous Intravenous Valproate as Abortive Therapy for
Pediatric Status Migrainosus. Neurologist. 2018; 23:43–6.
59. Mathew NT, Kailasam J, Meadors L, Chernyschev O, Gentry
P. Intravenous valproate sodium (depacon) aborts migraine
rapidly: a preliminary report. Headache. 2000; 40:720–3.
60. Legault G, Eisman H, Shevell MI. Treatment of Pediatric Status
Migrainosus: can we prevent the “bounce back”? J Child
Neurol. 2011; 26:949–55.
61. Akhtar ND, Murray MA, Rothner AD. Status migrainosus in
children and adolescents. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2001; 8:27–
33.
62. Gertsch E, Loharuka S, Wolter-Warmedam K, Tong S, Kempe
A, Kedia S. Intravenous Magnesium As Acute Treatment for
Headaches: A Pediatric Case Series. J Emerg Med. 2014;
46:308–12.
63. Sheridan DC, Spiro DM, Nguyen T, Koch TK, Meckler GD. Low-
Dose Propofol for the Abortive Treatment of Pediatric Migraine
in the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012;
28:1293–6.
64. Zhidambaran V, Costandi A, D’Mello A. Propofol: a review of
its role in pediatric anesthesia and sedation. CNS Drugs. 2018;
32:543–63.
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Publicado
2019-10-14
Como Citar
1.
Azevedo Alves R, Lopes M, Rocha R, Carrilho I. Tratamento agudo da enxaqueca e do estado de mal de enxaqueca em pediatria. REVNEC [Internet]. 14 de outubro de 2019 [citado 25 de julho de 2025];28(3):132-40. Disponível em: https://revistas.rcaap.pt/nascercrescer/article/view/15431
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Todos os artigos publicados na Revista Nascer e Crescer – Birth and Growth Medical Journal são de acesso aberto e cumprem os requisitos das agências de financiamento ou instituições académicas. Relativamente à utilização por terceiros a Nascer e Crescer – Birth and Growth Medical Journal rege-se pelos termos da licença Creative Commons "Atribuição - Uso Não-Comercial - (CC-BY-NC)"".
É da responsabilidade do autor obter permissão para reproduzir figuras, tabelas, etc. de outras publicações.
Juntamente com a submissão do artigo, os autores devem enviar a Declaração de conflito de interesses e formulário de autoria. Será enviado um e-mail ao autor correspondente, confirmando a receção do manuscrito.
Os autores ficam autorizados a disponibilizar os seus artigos em repositórios das suas instituições de origem, desde que mencionem sempre onde foram publicados e de acordo com a licença Creative Commons.
