The impact of career development, benefits and organizational structure on employee job satisfaction in the golf industry: A PLS-SEM approach
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.57883/thij27(1)2026.48437Keywords:
Career development, Organizational benefits, Organizational structure, Job satisfaction, Golf industryAbstract
Although the literature acknowledges several determinants of job satisfaction, the relative contribution of organizational factors, such as benefits, career development, and organizational structure, remains unclear, particularly in specific contexts such as the golf sector. Thus, the present study aims to analyze the impact of these factors on job satisfaction of employees in organizations in the golf sector. To achieve this objective, a quantitative approach was employed, involving the collection of data through an online questionnaire distributed to employees of companies operating within the golf sector in Portugal. This process yielded a total of 57 valid responses. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique, allowing the assessment of relationships between the constructs under study. The results indicate that organizational structure has a positive and statistically significant effect on job satisfaction, emerging as the main determinant of the model. Career development also shows a positive and significant impact, although of lower magnitude, whereas organizational benefits do not present a significant effect. The model demonstrates good explanatory power (R² = 0.6292) and high predictive relevance (Q² = 0.5388). This study contributes to the literature by reinforcing the key role of organizational structure and career development, suggesting that organizations should prioritize these factors in promoting employee satisfaction.
References
Adhikari, P., & Thapa, R. (2025). Measuring the impact of career development programs on employee career satisfaction and organizational commitment: A structural equation modeling approach. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation, 12(4), 1440–1454. https://doi.org/10.51244/ijrsi.2025.12040160
Adjeikwame, R. (2019). The impact that fringe benefits have on job satisfaction and employee engagement at Sinapi Aba Savings and Loans Limited (SASL). International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science, 6(7), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.6763
Aman-Ullah, A., Aziz, A., Ibrahim, H., Mehmood, W., & Aman-Ullah, A. (2022). The role of compensation in shaping employee’s behaviour: A mediation study through job satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Revista de Gestão, 30(2), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1108/REGE-04-2021-0068
Ariffin, M. F., Mat, Z., & Aris, A. (2025). A Comprehensive Review on Determinants of Employees’ Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 9(6), 4150–4163. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.906000314
Asfiah, N., Riyanto, D. W. U., & Mainingrum, D. (2022). Effects of Work Flexibility and Compensation on Employee Performance through Job Satisfaction: Evidence from Shopee-Food East Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Analysis, 5(10), 2569–2578. https://doi.org/10.47191/ijmra/v5-i10-02
Becker, J.-M., Ringle, C. M., Sarstedt, M., & Völckner, F. (2015). How collinearity affects mixture regression results. Marketing Letters, 26(4), 643–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-014-9299-9
Blum, T. C. (1995). Organizational structure and job satisfaction. Administration & Society, 27(3), 306–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/009539979502700306
Canopin, K. M. J. (2025). Career development, employee retention and work engagement among millennials: Basis for improved talent development framework. International Journal of Research Studies in Management, 13(5), 133–145. https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsm.2025.25066
Carvalho, W. M. G. B. (1998). A gestão de carreiras e o planeamento dos recursos humanos (Dissertação de mestrado, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa). Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa. https://repositorio.ulisboa.pt/entities/publication/89ffea2f-a17c-43c8-b2a2-a2f65e6d5c9c
Chin, W. W. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Em G. A. Marcoulides (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research, 295(2), 295-336. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2.a ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587
Desai, H., & Jadav, B. (2025). A study on the impact of employee benefits on job satisfaction and retention rates. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 14(3), 78–80. https://doi.org/10.35629/7722-14037880
Faizah, N., Yudhyani, E., & Heriyanto. (2026). The Influence of Career Development on Employee Loyalty with Job Satisfaction as a Mediating Variable (A Study at Roti Gembong Panglima SME, Samarinda). Jurnal Manajemen Motivasi, 22(1), 1832-1842. https://doi.org/10.29406/jmm.v22i1.8745
Geisser, S. (1974). A predictive approach to the random effect model. Biometrika, 61(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/61.1.101
Green, S. B. (1991). How Many Subjects Does It Take To Do A Regression Analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26(3), 499–510. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7
Hair Jr, J. F., Sarstedt, M., Hamburg, C. M. R., Gudergan, S. P., Apraiz, J. C., Carrión, G. A. C., Roldán, J. L., Jr, J. F. H., Sarstedt, M., Hamburg, C. M. R., Gudergan, S. P., Apraiz, J. C., Carrión, G. A. C., & Roldán, J. L. (2021). Manual avanzado de Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Em Manual avanzado de Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). OmniaScience Scholar, Terrassa, Barcelona. https://doi.org/10.3926/oss.407
Hair Jr, J. F., M. Hult, G. T., M. Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Castillo Apraiz, J., Cepeda Carrión, G. A., Roldán, J. L., Hair Jr, J. F., M. Hult, G. T., M. Ringle, C., Sarstedt, M., Castillo Apraiz, J., Cepeda Carrión, G. A., & Roldán, J. L. (2019). Manual de Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (2 ed.). Em Manual de Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). OmniaScience Scholar, Terrassa, Barcelona. https://doi.org/10.3926/OSS.37
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Incorporated.
Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
Hayati, N., Yusuf, A. M., & Miharja, R. (2022). The Relationship Between Workload and Career Development on Job Satisfaction; Case Study PT XYZ. HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration, 13(1), 125–132. https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2022-0008
Soerjanto, Haryono, S., & Wahyudiono, S. (2026). Increasing Employee Loyalty through Career Development and Engagement: The Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction in Five-Star Hotels in Greater Jakarta. Journal of Applied Sciences in Travel and Hospitality, 9(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.31940/jasth.v9i1.84-99
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The use of partial least squares path modeling in international marketing. Em R. R. Sinkovics & P. N. Ghauri (Eds.), New Challenges to International Marketing (Vol. 20, pp. 277–319). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
Hosen, S., Hamzah, S. R., Ismail, I. A., Alias, S. N., Aziz, M. F. A., & Rahman, M. M. (2024). Training & development, career development, and organizational commitment as the predictor of work performance. Heliyon, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23903
Iriani, N. I., Suyitno, S., Sasongko, T., Rifai, M., Indrihastuti, P., & Yanti, D. A. W. (2023). Leadership Style, Compensation and Competence Influence on Employee Performance through Job Satisfaction. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 5(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms.2023.5.1.5
Jevtić, T., & Gasic, D. (2025). The effects of the compensation system on job satisfaction and turnover intention of employees in the Republic of Serbia. Strategic Management - International Journal of Strategic Management and Decision Support Systems in Strategic Management, 30(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.5937/StraMan2300063J
Khumaira, N. A., & Safirin, M. T. (2025). Impact of Employee Placement, Motivation, and Career Development on Performance and Productivity at Bank XYZ Using PLS-SEM. Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology, 7(1), 0250104–0250104. https://doi.org/10.26877/asset.v7i1.662
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (5.a ed.). Guilford Publications.
Lee, B., Lee, C., Choi, I., & Kim, J. (2022). Analyzing determinants of job satisfaction based on two-factor theory. Sustainability, 14(19), 12557. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912557
Lestari, D. P., & Waskito, J. (2025). The Role of Job Satisfaction as a Mediator in the Influence of Talent Management and Career Development on Employee Performance: A Study of Polri Institutions in Central Java. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), 8(2), 3180–3199. https://doi.org/10.31538/iijse.v8i2.6441
Mahadevan, J. (2022). A study to examine the relationship between organizational trust and job satisfaction within organizational structures. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 27, 48–53. https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jhss/papers/Vol.27-Issue12/Ser-1/I2712014853.pdf
Mahar, S. A., Lashari, I. A., Pirzada, Z. A., Lashari, A. A., & Channa, M. A. (2025). The Effects of Career Development and Compensation on Job Satisfaction in the Banks of Khairpur City. Journal of Social Horizons, 2(2), 213–220. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15852751
Mason, C. H., & Perreault, W. D. (1991). Collinearity, Power, and Interpretation of Multiple Regression Analysis. Journal of Marketing Research, 28(3), 268–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224379102800302
Minja, L. H., Chong, Y. L., & Chin, K. S. (2026). Human Resource Management Practices Influencing Employee Retention: Job Satisfaction as Mediator in Tanzania’s Hotel Industry. Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH), 11(5), e003957–e003957. https://doi.org/10.47405/mjssh.v11i5.3957
Mulyadi, H., Masharyono, M., & Aprilian, N. W. (2025). Promotion and Work Environment: Keys to Employee Job Satisfaction in the Banking Industry. Proceedings of the 9th Global Conference on Business, Management and Entrepreneurship (GCBME 2024), 899–910. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-817-2_105
Ngui, P., & Katua, T. (2023). Determinants of job satisfaction: A review of empirical literature. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, 7(2), 917–930. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/determinants-of-job-satisfaction-a-review-of-empirical-literature/
Nunes, J. F. L. (2024). Estratégias de contratação e retenção de trabalhadores no setor da manutenção dos campos de golfe no Algarve (Dissertação de mestrado). Universidade do Algarve. Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Algarve.
Perrotti, E., & de Vasconcellos, E. P. G. (2005). Estrutura organizacional e gestão do conhecimento. Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Administrativa, 4(2), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5329/RECADM.20050402002
Pratama, H. E., & Padmakusumah, R. R. (2026). Determinants of employee job satisfaction: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Education, Management and Technology, 4(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.58578/ijemt.v4i1.8706
Pratiwi, I. D., & Sary, F. P. (2023). The Effect Of Career Development, Organizational Culture On Job Satisfaction And Its Impact On Turnover Intention At Pt Xyz Bandung. International Journal of Science, Technology & Management, 4(5), 1211–1223. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i5.928
Rachman, F. A., & Iqbal, M. A. (2025). The Effect of Career Development and Leadership Style on Turnover Intention with Job Satisfaction as a Variable. International Journal of Education, Information Technology, and Others, 8(1), 238–259. https://www.jurnal.peneliti.net/index.php/IJEIT/article/view/11441
Raj, R., & Ahamed, F. (2024). Understanding Job Satisfaction in the Industrial Sector: Insights from Penang’s Industrial Employees. ISRG Journal of Arts Humanities & Social Sciences (ISRGJAHSS), II(VI), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14568420
Ringle, C. M., Wende, S., & Becker, J.-M. (2024). SmartPLS 4. Bönningstedt: SmartPLS. Obtido em https://www.smartpls.com
Roldán, J. L., & Sánchez-Franco, M. J. (2012). Variance-based structural equation modeling: Guidelines for using partial least squares in information systems research. In M. Mora, O. Gelman, A. L. Steenkamp, & M. Raisinghani (Eds.), Research Methodologies, Innovations and Philosophies in Software Systems Engineering and Information Systems (pp. 193–221). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
Rubio, R., Araya-Castillo, L., Moraga-Flores, H., & Ortega, F. (2025). Trends, collaborations and perspectives in the study of organizational climate and job satisfaction: A bibliometric and scientometric analysis. Administrative Sciences, 15(10), 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15100389
Ruzungunde, V., Sanhokwe, H., & Chinyamurindi, W. (2024). Determinants of job satisfaction: The role of person–organisation fit, decent work and employee-organisational factors on job satisfaction. South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 27(1), a5791. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v27i1.5791
Sabila, N. T., Astuti, E. S., & Hutahayan, B. (2026). The Effect of Training, Compensation, and Work Environment on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance in a Telecommunications Company. Jurnal Sipakatau: Inovasi Pengabdian Masyarakat, 3(3), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.66314/sipakatau.v3i3.601
Santos, A. B. A. dos, Moraes, A. F. F. de, Silva, L. R. da, Silva, P. T. da, & Pires, T. V. (2024). A política de benefícios como agentes motivadores para o desenvolvimento organizacional [Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso Técnico em Administração)]. ETEC José Dagnoni. https://ric.cps.sp.gov.br/handle/123456789/21009
Santos, N., Bronzo, M., Oliveira, M. P. V., & Resende, P. T. V. (2014). Cultura organizacional, estrutura organizacional e gestão de pessoas como bases para uma gestão orientada por processos e seus impactos no desempenho organizacional. BBR: Brazilian Business Review, 11(3), 106–129. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1230/123031118005.pdf
Saputra, E. B. (2022). The Effect Career Development and Rewards on Job Satisfaction (Study of Human Resource Management Literature). International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary, 1(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.38035/ijam.v1i2.71
Silva, A. B. da, Bispo, A. C. K. de A., & Ayres, S. M. P. M. (2019). Desenvolvimento de carreiras por competências (Vol. 11). Escola Nacional de Administração Pública (Enap) e Sociedade Brasileira de Administração Pública (SBAP). http://repositorio.enap.gov.br/handle/1/4287
Silva, F. J. V. L. da, & Oliveira, G. D. de. (2024). A influência do ambiente organizacional e da gestão de benefícios na motivação dos colaboradores [Trabalho de Conclusão de Curso (Curso Técnico em Recursos Humanos)]. ETEC Darcy Pereira de Moraes. https://ric.cps.sp.gov.br/handle/123456789/27695
Sinha, R. (2020). Career Development: An Enabler for Job Satisfaction. Em Career Development and Job Satisfaction. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91683
Stone, M. (1974). Cross-Validatory Choice and Assessment of Statistical Predictions. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), 36(2), 111–147. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2984809
Sumanth, V., & Anitha, G. H. (2024). A Study on Impact of Employee Benefits on Job Satisfaction and Retention. International Journal of Exclusive Management Research (IJEMR), 14(01). https://ijemr.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/A-STUDY-ON-IMPACT-OF-EMPLOYEE-BENEFITS-ON-JOB-SATISFACTION-AND-RETENTION..pdf
Suryana, D. (2023). The Effect of Organizational Climate and Compensation on Job Satisfaction and Employee Performance. Indonesian Journal of Multidisciplinary Science, 2(7), 2773–2790. https://doi.org/10.55324/ijoms.v2i7.474
Turangan, J. A., & Setiawan, F. P. (2022). The Effect of Compensation, Work Environment, and Organization Culture on Employee Job Satisfaction. International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Management Research, 07(04), 36–44. https://doi.org/10.51505/ijaemr.2022.7403
Wajdi, M. F., & Nafisa, A. (2023). The Impact of Compensation, Organizational Commitment, and Job Satisfaction on Turnover Intention among Young Female Employees. JBTI : Jurnal Bisnis: Teori Dan Implementasi, 14(2), 383–400. https://doi.org/10.18196/jbti.v14i2.19590
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Laura Martins, Carlos M. Afonso, Joaquim P. Contreiras
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
