General Artificial Intelligence and the US–PRC Arms Race: Reflections on Global Militarization

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(39.1)2026.ic-3

Palavras-chave:

Inteligência Artificial Geral; corrida armamentista; militarização global; Estados Unidos; República Popular da China; sistemas autônomos; direito internacional

Resumo

Este estudo analisa de que forma a aceleração da Inteligência Artificial Geral (IAG) influencia a dissuasão estratégica e a adaptação do Direito Internacional Humanitário (DIH). Coloca duas questões centrais: (1) como é que a IAG redefine a dissuasão entre os Estados Unidos e a República Popular da China; e (2) até que ponto os atuais quadros jurídicos internacionais regulam eficazmente a exportação, o desdobramento e a utilização de sistemas militares baseados em IA. O artigo combina uma análise comparativa das doutrinas oficiais de defesa, uma revisão quantitativa das tendências de investimento em IA relacionada com a defesa e uma abordagem de prospetiva para mapear trajetórias estratégicas plausíveis. O estudo conclui que a IAG acelera a convergência da atividade militar nos domínios do ciberespaço, do espaço exterior e dos sistemas não tripulados, promovendo uma dissuasão centrada na tecnologia, baseada em plataformas autónomas e arquiteturas integradas de apoio à decisão. Identificam-se lacunas jurídicas concretas — especialmente nos controlos de exportação, nos regimes de atribuição e responsabilidade e na ausência de mecanismos de verificação executáveis — no âmbito do atual DIH e dos instrumentos de controlo de armamento. O artigo propõe medidas práticas: normas transparentes de certificação e ensaio para sistemas de IA de alto risco; mecanismos multilaterais de monitorização e verificação; e a integração de critérios éticos e de responsabilidade nas doutrinas nacionais de defesa. São discutidas as implicações para a estabilidade da dissuasão e para a elaboração jurídica numa era de rápida difusão da IAG.

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2026-01-06

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TYSHCHUK, V., & KHALYMON, S. (2026). General Artificial Intelligence and the US–PRC Arms Race: Reflections on Global Militarization. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 1(39), 43–75. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(39.1)2026.ic-3