Personalized Alliances and Informal Networks in Populist Foreign Policy: The Case of Viktor Orbán

Péter KACZIBA; Kata MURÁNYI

doi:10.34625/issn.2183-2705(39.1)2026.ic-10

Autores

Péter KACZIBA associate professor, University of Pécs, Department of Political Science and International Studies https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9567-5363
Kata MURÁNYI Assistant professor https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3009-8154

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(39.1)2026.ic-10

Palavras-chave:

foreign policy, populism, politicisation, personalisation, Hungary

Resumo

Os líderes populistas desafiam cada vez mais as alianças internacionais ao privilegiarem laços pessoais em detrimento de compromissos institucionais, enfraquecendo assim a eficácia e os propósitos fundamentais das organizações coletivas. Através do exemplo ilustrativo da Hungria, o presente artigo examina a forma como o primeiro-ministro Viktor Orbán construiu parcerias internacionais no âmbito do seu discurso de política externa. Recorre-se a uma análise de redes e de discurso das suas publicações na plataforma X, entre Junho de 2023 e Junho de 2025, identificando-se os atores centrais, a sua caracterização e os padrões de construção de parcerias. Os resultados indicam que o discurso de Orbán sobre entidades internacionais foi moldado pela politização, pela personalização e por constrangimentos estruturais. A politização projetou para o plano internacional as narrativas domésticas de amigos e inimigos; a personalização privilegiou laços diretos entre líderes e conexões com figuras não estatais de grande visibilidade pública; e os constrangimentos estruturais fragilizaram as parcerias ao expô-las aos interesses de potências maiores e ao comportamento oportunista de aliados populistas. Em termos gerais, os resultados evidenciam que estes fatores deslocaram o discurso de Orbán da doutrina da “Abertura a Oriente” para uma lógica de redes populistas euro-atlânticas, emergindo figuras como Donald Trump enquanto ponto de referência central.

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