ições para o Cazaquistão a partir das Práticas Internacionais de Regulação do Jogo
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(38)2025.ic-26Palavras-chave:
Keywords: gambling regulation; harm reduction; comparative public policy; channelization; Kazakhstan.Resumo
Contexto. Desde 2007, o Cazaquistão tem vindo a modernizar progressivamente a regulação do jogo; alterações legislativas significativas entre 2023 e 2025 reforçaram o controlo do acesso ao mercado, a tributação e a proteção dos jogadores.
Objetivo. Avaliar o grau de alinhamento com as boas práticas internacionais e identificar opções de política pública baseadas em evidência.
Métodos. Estudo explicativo de métodos mistos, combinando análise jurídico-doutrinária dos regimes cazaque e estrangeiros com um painel comparativo (2019–2025) sobre dimensão do mercado, receita fiscal, aplicação da lei e cobertura de medidas de redução de danos.
Resultados. O mercado legal expandiu-se, enquanto a aplicação da lei contra operadores ilegais se intensificou (maior bloqueio de sites/pagamentos e redução dos casos registados de jogo ilegal). As ferramentas de proteção foram ampliadas (restrições baseadas em registos de dívida e autoexclusão); a política fiscal evoluiu para modelos baseados no GGR (Gross Gaming Revenue). A experiência internacional associa tributação equilibrada sobre o GGR, regras rigorosas de publicidade, sistemas sólidos de autoexclusão e bloqueio coordenado de sites/pagamentos a melhores níveis de “canalização” e redução de danos.
Conclusões. Um conjunto de políticas que combine tributação competitiva baseada no GGR, uma arquitetura abrangente de proteção dos jogadores, aplicação robusta da lei e monitorização sistemática revela-se o mais consistente com os objetivos de interesse público.
Implicações de política. As ações prioritárias incluem: racionalizar os instrumentos fiscais; alargar e unificar os sistemas de autoexclusão com garantias de proteção de dados; reforçar a coordenação interinstitucional; implementar sistemas de monitorização e avaliação baseados em dados; e fortalecer a comunicação orientada para o interesse público.
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