Migrations, Refuge, and Humanitarian Crisis.
Historical Analysis from a Human Rights Perspective
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(39.2)2026.ic-12Keywords:
Migration, Refugee, Human Rights, ACNUR, OIM, Humanitarian Crisis, MultilateralismAbstract
Migratory movements represent one of the most complex and structuring social processes in contemporary history. Their multifactorial nature—economic, political, environmental, and cultural—makes migration a phenomenon that transcends borders, ideologies, and historical periods. Since the mid-nineteenth century, human mobility has decisively shaped global demography, national economies, and collective identities. This article offers a historical review of the main migratory dynamics between 1850 and 2025, integrating an analysis of their structural causes, their recent transformations, and the institutional responses promoted by the United Nations, the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), and the International Organization for Migration (IOM). It also examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and the humanitarian emergency in Gaza as key factors that have reshaped the global refugee protection system. Finally, it argues for the strengthening of a renewed global humanism grounded in multilateral cooperation and the effective defense of human rights.
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