Lupus eritematoso neonatal: Uma revisão narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25753/BirthGrowthMJ.v31.i4.27109Palavras-chave:
anticorpo, bloqueio auriculoventricular congénito, corticosteroide, lúpus eritematoso neonatal, pacemakerResumo
Introdução: O lúpus eritematoso neonatal caracteriza-se pela passagem transplacentária de anticorpos maternos, maioritariamente anti-síndrome de Sjögren A/Ro (anti-SSA/Ro) e anti-síndrome de Sjögren B/La (anti-SSB/La), que se ligam aos tecidos fetais em desenvolvimento. Mães seropositivas podem ter doença diagnosticada, nomeadamente síndrome de Sjögren, lúpus eritematoso sistémico, ou doença indiferenciada do tecido conjuntivo, mas em 25─60% dos casos são assintomáticas à data do parto.
Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi fazer uma revisão narrativa sobre o estado da arte do lúpus eritematoso neonatal.
Desenvolvimento: As características clínicas do lúpus neonatal podem ser reversíveis ou irreversíveis. As características reversíveis, como lesões cutâneas, alterações hematológicas ou pulmonares e disfunção hepatobiliar, desaparecem espontaneamente à medida que os níveis de anticorpos circulantes diminuem, geralmente nos primeiros 6 a 8 meses de vida. A manifestação mais frequente de lúpus neonatal é doença cardíaca. A lesão do tecido de condução cardíaco pode resultar em bloqueio atrioventricular (AV) congénito, que constitui a manifestação mais grave e em alguns casos fatal de lúpus neonatal. A doença pode também ter impacto no miocárdio e endocárdio, dado que os anticorpos maternos podem causar fibroelastose endocárdica. O bloqueio AV imunomediado pode beneficiar do tratamento in utero com corticoides. Mulheres com patologia imunomediada podem também receber hidroxicloroquina no período pré-concecional.
Conclusões: A abordagem de recém-nascidos com lúpus neonatal deve ser feita num centro terciário. Em presença de bloqueio AV irreversível ou sinais de insuficiência cardíaca, pode ser necessária a colocação de pacemaker após o nascimento. As manifestações graves da doença podem necessitar de transfusões de eritrócitos ou plaquetas, corticosteroides ou imunoglobulina endovenosa.
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Direitos de Autor (c) 2022 Ana Marques, Gustavo Rocha, Paulo Soares, Mariana Rodrigues, Joana Pimenta
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