International experience of advanced countries in state management of countering hybrid threats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-16Keywords:
hybrid threats, public administration, vulnerability, counteraction, cybersecurity, EU, the USAAbstract
Hybrid threats combine various instruments of influence, from traditional military operations to cyberattacks and disinformation activities. These threats severely challenge states' national security and require an adequate response from public authorities. The study examines the experience and the existing approaches of the world's leading countries in the state management of countering hybrid threats. The research methods employed in this study were comprehensive, including a graphical analysis of country profiles, a detailed comparison of international ratings and indices, the basic indicator approach, and an in-depth analysis of strategic documents of individual countries and associations. This comprehensive approach has provided a detailed understanding of the leading countries' main institutional mechanisms, strategies, and measures to counter hybrid warfare, instilling confidence in the study's findings. The study's findings underscore the necessity for an integrated approach to countering hybrid threats and close coordination between different agencies at the national level. The results show that leading countries use specialised structures to coordinate efforts, strengthen cooperation between government agencies and the private and public sectors, implement measures to ensure cybersecurity and protect critical infrastructure, and intensify international cooperation. Recommendations for improving critical infrastructure protection, developing a comprehensive strategy, and strengthening international collaboration are substantiated.
References
BAJARŪNAS, Eitvydas. Addressing hybrid threats: Priorities for the EU in 2020 and beyond. European View, 2020, vol. 19, n 1, pp. 62-70. ISSN 1865-5831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1781685820912041.
CASEY, George W. America‘s army in an era of persistent conflict. Army Magazine [online], 2008, vol. 58, n 10, pp. 19-28. Available from: https://www.ausa.org/sites/default/files/Casey_1008.pdf
Centre for Countering Hybrid Threats. “About us” [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://www.hybridnehrozby.sk/ccht/
CHODAK, Paweł, KRASSOWSKI, Krzysztof, WIERZCHOWSKI, Tomasz. Hybrid threats – means of destabilization of law and order in modern democratics societes. Idea and Methodology of Proposed Research. Teka Komisji Prawniczej PAN Oddział w Lublinie, 2022, vol. 14, n 2, pp. 91-100. https://doi.org/10.32084/tekapr.2021.14.2-8
Council of the European Union. “EU Cyber Defence Policy Framework” [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2018/11/EU-141118-EUCyberDefencePolicyFrame-2.pdf
DATZER, Veronika, LONARDO, Luigi. Genesis and evolution of EU anti disinformation policy: Entrepreneurship and political opportunism in regulating digital technology. Journal of European Integration, 2022, vol. 45, n 5, pp. 751-766. https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2022.2150842
DEI, Maryna O., HRYTSAI, Iryna O., DAVYDOVA, Nataliya O. et al. Analysis of the peculiarities of the concept of temporary protection in the Eu in the context of defense against hybrid threats. Pakistan Journal of Criminology [online], 2023, vol. 15, n 1, pp. 139-155. Available from: https://www.pjcriminology.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/10.-Maryna.-Final-Paper-1.pdf
DUCARU, Sorin Dumitry. Framing NATO's approach to hybrid warfare. Countering Hybrid Threats: Lessons Learned from Ukraine, 2016, vol. 128, pp. 3-11. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-651-4-3
E-GA. “National Cyber Security Index” [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://ncsi.ega.ee/ncsi-index/?order=rank
European Commission. “Communication from the commission to the European Parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions. 2016 Communication on EU Enlargement Policy” [online]. 10 July 2024. Available from: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/20161109_strategy_paper_en.pdf
European Union. “A strategic compass for security and defence” [online]. 12 July 2024. Available from: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/strategic_compass_en3_web.pdf
Europol. “EU terrorism situation & trend report (TE-SAT)” [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-events/main-reports/tesat-report
FILIPEC, Ondrej. Preventing hybrid threats: from identification to an effective response. European Studies-The Review of European Law, Economics and Politics, 2021, vol. 8, n 1, pp. 17-38. ISSN 2264-6695. https://doi.org/10.2478/eustu-2022-0063
FILIPEC, Ondrej. Multilevel analysis of the 2021 Poland-Belarus border crisis in the context of hybrid threats. Central European Journal of Politics, 2022, vol. 8, n 1, pp. 1-18. https://doi.org/10.24132/cejop_2022_1
Fund for Peace. “Fragile states index annual report 2023” [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://fragilestatesindex.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/FSI-2023-Report_final.pdf
GALEOTTI, Mark. Hybrid War or Gibridnaya Voina? Getting Russia’s non-linear military challenge right. London: Mayak Intelligence, 2016. ISBN 365549801.
GEORGIANA-DANIELA, Lupulescu. Hybrid – defining the concept of the 21st century warfare, operations and threats. Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, 2023, vol. 12, n 2, pp. 56-68. ISSN 2284-9378. https://doi.org/10.53477/2284-9378-23-20
GIANNOPOULOS, G., SMITH, H., THEOCHARIDOU, M. The landscape of hybrid threats: A conceptual model. Ispra: Publications Office of the European Union, 2021. ISBN 978-92-76-29819-9. https://doi.org/10.2760/44985
GÖKCE, O. Definition and scope of hybrid threats. Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines, 2017, vol. 3, n 1, pp. 19-30. https://doi.org/10.21533/ISJSS.V3I1.97
HOFFMAN, Frank G. Hybrid warfare and challenges. In MAHNKEN, Thomas. G., MAIOLO, Joseph A. Strategic Studies. 2nd ed. London: Routledge, 2014, pp. 329-337. ISBN 9781315814803. Available from: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315814803-24/hybrid-warfare-challenges-frank-hoffman
Hybrid CoE. “Hybrid Threats” [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://www.hybridcoe.fi/hybrid-threats/
Institute for Economics & Peace. “Global peace index 2023: Measuring peace in a complex world” [online]. 10 July 2024. Available from: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/GPI-2023-Web.pdf
Institute for Economics & Peace. “Global terrorism index 2024: Measuring the impact of terrorism”. [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://www.visionofhumanity.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/GTI-2024-web-290224.pdf
KALNIETE, Sandra, PILDEGOVIČS, Tomass. Strengthening the EU’s resilience to hybrid threats. European View, 2021, vol. 20, n 1, pp. 23-33. ISSN 1865-5831. https://doi.org/10.1177/17816858211004648
KALYUZHNA, N. H., KOVTUN, T. K. Hybrid threats: Essence, characteristics, preconditions for escalation. The problems of economy, 2021, vol. 3, n 49, pp. 16-21. https://doi.org/10.32983/2222-0712-2021-3-16-21
KHMEL, Аnastasiia. Сombating hybrid threats in the EU (by the European Union regulation and legal framework). Acta De Historia & Politica: Saeculum XXI, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 91-101. ISSN 2786-8788. https://doi.org/10.26693/ahpsxxi2021-2022.03.091
KHRIAPYNSKYI, Anton, KHMYROV, Ihor, SVOBODA, Ivo et al. State information security strategies in conditions of hybrid threats. Amazonia Investiga, 2023, vol. 12, n 69, pp. 84-93. ISSN 2322-6307. https://doi.org/10.34069/AI/2023.69.09.7
KRUHLOV, Vitalii, LATYNIN, Mykola, HORBAN, Alina et al. Public-private partnership in cybersecurity. GNATYUK, Sergiy, FEDUSHKO, Solomiia, HU, Zhengbing et al. (Eds.), International Workshop on Cyber Hygiene CybHyg [online]. Kyiv: CEUR-WS.org, 2019, pp. 619-628 [viewed 11 July 2024]. Available from: https://er.chdtu.edu.ua/bitstream/ChSTU/3080/1/Digital%20Content%20Processing%20Method%20for%20Biometric%20Identification%20of%20Personality%20Based%20on%20Artificial%20Intelligence%20Approaches.pdf
LONARDO, Luigi. EU law against hybrid threats: A first assessment. European Papers. A Journal on Law and Integration, 2021, vol. 6, n 2, pp. 1075-1096. ISSN 2499-8249. https://doi.org/10.15166/2499-8249/514
LUPULESCU, Georgiana Daniela. Hybrid threats-possible consequences in societal contexts. Proceedings of the 22nd European Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security, Greece, 2023, vol. 22, n 1, pp. 616-622. https://doi.org/10.34190/eccws.22.1.1119
Ministerstvo vnitra České republiky. “Co jsou hybridní hrozby?” [online]. 16 July 2024. Available from: https://www.mvcr.cz/cthh/clanek/co-jsou-hybridni-hrozby.aspx
PEROT, Elie. The art of commitments: NATO, the EU, and the interplay between law and politics within Europe’s collective defence architecture. European Security, 2019, vol. 28, n 1, pp. 40-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2019.1587746
RAUGH, David L. Is the hybrid threat a true threat. Journal of Strategic Security, 2016, vol. 9, n 2, pp. 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.9.2.1507
SAURWEIN, Florian, SPENCER-SMITH, Charlotte. Combating disinformation on social media: Multilevel governance and distributed accountability in Europe. Digital Journalism, 2020, vol. 8, n 6, pp. 820-841. http://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1765401
VALENZA, Fulvio. Next generation of hybrid threats. MEGIAS, D., PIETRO, R. D. (Eds.). In Proceedings of the 2022 European Interdisciplinary Cybersecurity Conference. Barcelona: Association for Computing Machinery, 2022, p. 114. ISBN: 978-1-4503-9603-5. https://doi.org/10.1145/3528580.3535333
WEISSMANN, Mikael, NILSSON, Niklas, PALMERTZ, Bjorn et al. Conceptualizing and countering hybrid threats and hybrid warfare: The role of the military in the grey zone. In Hybrid warfare: Security and asymmetric conflict in international relations. London: I. B. Tauris, 2021, pp. 61-82. ISBN 978-1-7883-1779-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781788317795.0011
White House. “National security strategy of the United States of America” [online]. 22 October 2022. Available from: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf
World economic forum. “Global Risks Report 2024” [online]. 11 July 2024. Available from: https://www.weforum.org/publications/global-risks-report-2024/
Zavhorodnia, Yuliia, POVYDYS, Vladyslav, KOZMINYKH, Alona et al. Information policy of the state in the context of growing cyber threats. Pakistan Journal of Criminology [online], 2023, vol. 15, n 01, pp. 111-124. Available from: www.pjcriminology.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/8.-Yuliia.-Final-Paper.pdf
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Ihor KHMYROV, Anton KHRIAPYNSKYI, Polina ALIIEVA, Igor KOPOTUN, Ivo SVOBODA
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who published in the journal agree to the following terms:
- The Authors grant the Journal the right of first publication, and other non-exclusive publishing rights, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which allows the sharing of work with recognition of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to take on additional contracts separately, non-exclusive distribution of the version of the paper published in this journal (ex .: publish in an institutional repository or as a chapter in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg .: in institutional repositories or on their website) at any point before or during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as increase the impact and the citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
RJP does not apply submission, publication or any other fees of any nature. Its articles are open access, with the goal of disseminating scientific knowledge and the debate of legal topics in the area of Legal Sciences.
