The impact of externally instigated separatism on the political stability and territorial integrity of countries
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(36)2024.ic-26Keywords:
externally instigated separatism, hybrid warfare, exogenous influence, threat matrix, separatist movementsAbstract
This study seeks to define the core concept of externally instigated separatism (EIS) and identify mechanisms to prevent and mitigate its adverse consequences. The research methodology is based on structural, logical and systemic analysis methods. The global system of law and order enshrines peoples' right to self-determination, guaranteed by states and the international community. Externally instigated separatism is a mechanism of direct aggression employed by states aiming to annex new territories. It represents a stage in hybrid warfare, characterized by the exogenous influence of actors supported by one state operating within another’s territory. The greatest threat of externally instigated separatism is seen in the level of integration of such actors into the socio-political environment of the state. This means increased opportunities for these actors to subvert the security environment of the state through direct incitement to separatist movements. That is why timely identification of manifestations of externally instigated separatism is critical to stabilizing the situation inside the country and preserving its sovereignty and territorial integrity. The article proves the need to develop a state strategy for counteracting externally instigated separatism.
References
ALLISON, Roy. Russia and the post-2014 international legal order. International Affairs [online], 2017, vol. 93, n 3, pp. 519-543. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48569646
ANDRIIASH, V. Secession in the modern world: Risks and threats for Ukraine. Democratic Governance [online], 2013, vol. 11. Available from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/DeVr_2013_11_8
BLAKKISRUD, Helge. ‘Russkii’ as the new ‘Rossiiskii’? Nation-building in Russia after 1991. Nationalities Papers, 2023. vol. 51, n 1, pp. 64-79. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2022.11
BOICHAK, Olga, JACKSON, Sam. From national identity to state legitimacy. Media, War & Conflict, 2020, vol. 13, n 3, pp. 258-279. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352198291
BUZIASHVILI, E., GIGITASHVILI, G., KHIDASHELI, T. Russian and Chinese influences in Georgia: 2021 update. European Values Center for Security Policy Research, 2021, vol.1, n 22, pp. 1-30.
CULVER, N. Russian influence operations: Hybrid warfare or modern statecraft, and its impact to the west. Canadian Forces College Research Series, 2019, vol. 46, pp. 1-28.
CURRAN, Vivian. The foreign sovereign immunities act’s evolving genocide exception. UCLA Journal of International Law and Foreign Affairs [online], 2019, vol. 23, n 1, pp. 46-75. Available from: https://scholarship.law.pitt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=fac_articles
DE WAAL, Thomas. Uncertain ground: Engaging with Europe’s de facto states and breakaway territories [online]. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2018 [viewed 25 Semtember 2024]. Available from: https://carnegieendowment.org/files/deWaal_UncertainGround_final.pdf
DEEN, Bob, ZWEERS, Wouter. Walking the tightrope towards the EU: Moldova’s vulnerabilities amid war in Ukraine [online]. Den Haag: The Clingendael Institute, 2022 [viewed 25 Semtember 2024]. Available from: https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/walking-the-tightrope-towards-the-eu.pdf
DOYLE, Don. Secession as an international phenomenon [online]. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2020 [viewed 25 Semtember 2024]. Available from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2311/nana.13257
HICKS, Kathleen, SAMP, Lisa, OLIKER, Olga et al. Recalibrating U.S. strategy toward Russia: A new time for choosing [online]. Washington: CSIS, 2017 [viewed 25 Semtember 2024]. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep23269
HOSAKA, Sanshiro. Welcome to Surkov’s theater: Russian political technology in the Donbas war. Nationalities Papers, 2019, vol. 47, n 5, pp. 750-773. https://doi.org/10.1017/nps.2019.70
JONSSON, Оscar. The evolution of Russian hybrid warfare: EU/NATO. Center for European Policy Analysis Research Series, 2021, vol. 1/28/21, pp. 1-62.
KAPLINA, Oksana, TUMANYANTS, Anush, KRYTSKA, Iryna. Standards for ensuring the legality of covert activities in criminal proceedings through the prism of European Court of human rights. Revista Jurídica Portucalense, 2023, n 34, pp. 217-236. https://doi.org/10.34625/issn.2183-2705(34)2023.ic-11
KAUNERT, Christian. EU Eastern partnership, hybrid warfare and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. EUCRIM: The European Criminal Law Associations’ Forum, 2022, vol. 2, pp. 158-164. https://doi.org/10.30709/eucrim-2022-011
KHANSARIFARD, Fahimed, BASIRI, Mohammad Ali, YAZDANI, Enayatollah. Ethnic bargaining and separatism in the South Caucasus Region. Central Asia and The Caucasus Journal [online], 2019, vol. 24, n 102, pp. 60-97. Available from: http://ca.ipisjournals.ir/article_32884.html?lang=en
KHOMENKO, О. І. The Kremlin's "Donetsk bridgehead" during the Orange Revolution as a testing ground for the strategy of anti-Ukrainian discourse. Ukrainian Studies [online], 2018, vol. 3, pp. 82-100. Available from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/Ukr_2018_3_7
KOSILOVA, О. Separatism in Ukraine: Prerequisites, reasons, methods of countermeasures and legal regulation of countermeasures. Constitutional and Legal Academic Studies, 2017, vol. 4, pp. 19-27.
KUZIO, Taras. Russian stereotypes and myths of Ukraine and Ukrainians and why Novorossiya failed. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 2019, vol. 52, n 4, pp. 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2019.10.007
LARUELLE, Marlene. The three colors of Novorossiya, or the Russian nationalist mythmaking of the Ukrainian crisis. Post-Soviet Affairs, 2015, vol. 32, n 1, pp. 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1080/1060586X.2015.1023004
LAU, B. The geopolitics of climate and security in the Indo-Pacific [online]. Barton: The Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2022. Available from: https://ad-aspi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/2022-02/Climate%20and%20security%20in%20the%20Indo-Pacific_0.pdf?VersionId=qP0ZzIQQiSLU1ymakusX2a9NrL2R6Jf_
LEWIS, David. Russia’s new authoritarianism: Putin and the politics of order. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474454766.001.0001
LYSIANSKYI, Рavlo. Externally inspired separatism in Ukraine. In: Kivalov, S. V. (Ed.). European benchmarks for the development of Ukraine in conditions of war and global challenges of the 21st century: Synergy of scientific, educational and technological solutions: Materials of the International. science - practice conf. Odesa: Yuridyka Publishing House, 2023, рр. 197-200. ISSN 2413 1261. Available from: https://hdl.handle.net/11300/26092
LYSIANSKYI, Р. L., MAMONTOVA, Е. V. The inspired separatism in Ukraine as a political phenomenon and scientific category. Actual Problems of Politics, 2022, vol. 70, pp. 49-57. https://doi.org/10.32782/app.v70.2022.8
MADOIAN, Karen. Devil in the detail: Local versus regional approaches to peace in Donbas. EU Institute for Security Studies [online], 2020. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/64097932/Local_versus_regional_approaches_to_peace_in_Donbas
MAIA, Catherine, CORCELLE, Marie. Annexions russes de territoires ukrainiens: Un air de déjà-vu. The Conversation [online], 2022. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/89179508/Catherine_MAIA_Marie_CORCELLE_Annexions_russes_de_territoires_ukrainiens_un_air_de_d%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu_The_Conversation_24_10_2022?nav_from=8f63cdf0-015c-476b-a52c-9fb5dcebb3a3
MAIA, Catherine, GBÉNOU, André-Marie. Annexions russes de territoires ukrainiens: Lorsque l’Assemblée générale condamne ce que le Conseil de sécurité est empêché de condamner. Le Club des juristes [online], 2022. Available from: https://www.academia.edu/89685298/Catherine_MAIA_Andr%C3%A9_Marie_GB%C3%89NOU_Annexions_russes_de_territoires_ukrainiens_lorsque_l_Assembl%C3%A9e_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale_condamne_ce_que_le_Conseil_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_est_emp%C3%AAch%C3%A9_de_condamner_Le_Club_des_juristes_31_10_2022&nav_from=371a1bb4-6629-45af-a0fa-28278eab569c&rw_pos=undefined
MAIBORODA, О. Consolidation of Ukrainian society in the conditions of Russian aggression: The problem of finding optimal political solutions. Scientific Notes of the Institute of Political and Ethnonational Studies named after I. F. Curacao of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2018, vol. 5-6, pp. 138-157.
MASLOVA, N. M., MUNTYAN, P. P. Separatism in the modern world: Source, causes and regional varieties. Materials of the All-Ukrainian Scientific and Practical Conference: "Strategies of Innovative Development of Natural Sciences: Experience, Problems and Prospects". Kropyvnytskiy: Volodymyr Vynnychenko Central Ukrainian State University, 2018, рр. 212-216. Available from: https://cusu.edu.ua/ua/konferen-2018-2019-arhiv/stratehii-innovatsiinoho-rozvytku-pryrodnychykh-dystsyplin-dosvid-problemy-ta-perspektyvy/sektsiia-4/7675-separatyzm-u-suchasnomu-sviti-sut-prychyny-ta-rehionalni-riznovydy
MASTERS, Jonathan. Ukraine: Conflict at the crossroads of Europe and Russia. CFR Research [online], 2022. Available from: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ukraine-conflict-crossroads-europe-and-russia#chapter-title-0-9
MATSABERIDZE, David. Russia vs. EU/US through Georgia and Ukraine. Connections [online], 2015, vol. 14, n 2, pp. 77-86. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26326399
MINZARARI, Dimitru. The next war: How Russian hybrid aggression could threaten Moldova. European Council of Foreign Relations Research Series, 2022, vol. ECFR/460, pp. 1-21.
NHEMACHENA, Artwell, RWODZI, Aaron, MAWERE, Munyaradzi. The Russia-Ukraine war from an African perspective. Bamenda: Langaa RPCIG, 2023. https://doi.org/10.2307/jj.8784618
PAVLIATENKO, О. V. Conditions and factors of the spread of separatist sentiments in Ukraine: The ethno-national aspect. Bulletin of NTUU "KPI". Politology. Sociology. Law [online], 2017, vol. 1/2, n 33/34, pp. 65-69. Available from: http://www.socio-journal.kpi.kiev.ua/archive/2017/1-2/12.pdf
PRIMUSH, Roman, CHMYR, Yaroslav, KRAVTSOV, Maxym et al. Information wars: Historical and comparative analysis, specifics and factors of actualization in the modern world. In: RADCHENKO, Oleksandr, KOVACH, Valiriia, SEMENETS-ORLOVA, Inna et al. (Eds.). National Security Drivers of Ukraine. Contributions to Political Science. Cham: Springer, 2023, pp. 259-272. ISBN 978-3-031-33724-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33724-6_15
REZNIKOVA, О. О., MISIURA, А. О., DROMOV, S. V. et al. International experience in combating separatism: Conclusions for Ukraine: Analytical report [online]. Kyiv: National Institute Strategic Studies, 2016. Available from https://niss.gov.ua/sites/default/files/2017-01/Separatism_druk-8a53a.pdf
SAKWA, Richard. External actors in EU-Russia relations: Between norms and space. Avoiding a New 'Cold War': The Future of EU-Russia Relations in the Context of the Ukraine Crisis [online], 2016, vol. 1, pp. 86-92. Available from: https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep45145.18
SAVOYE, V., ARMAKOLAS, I., VRAČIĆ, A. Political trends and dynamics: The Russian invasion of Ukraine: What consequences for Southeast Europe? SOE FES Research Series, 2022, vol. 1, n 22, pp. 1-44.
SHAISHMELASHVILI, Giorgi. Russia’s permanent war against Georgia. FPRI Black Sea Strategy Papers [online], 2021. Available from: https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/03/russia-permanent-war-georgia/
SHANDRA, Alya, SEELY, Robert The Kremlin’s phantom of separatism and chaos in Ukraine. The Surkov leaks: The inner workings of Russia’s hybrid war in Ukraine. London: Royal United Services Institute For Defence and Security Studies, 2019, pp. 35-52. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.23314.58569
SHYNKARUK, K. Ukraine – Russia: Scenarios for the development of relations until 2020. Compass 2020: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung Research Series, 2020, pp. 1-14.
TOSTES, Ana Paula, RENNI, Yasmin. Europeanisation to the Eastern borders: Moldova’s EU Rapprochement. Revista Brasileira De Política Internacional, 2021, vol. 64. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7329202100210
TSEBENKO, О. О. Ideological foundations of separatism. Actual Problems of International Relations [online]. 2011, vol. 99, n 2, pp. 90-104. Available from: http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/apmv_2011_99(2)__15
UN General Assembly. Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Cooperation among States following the Charter of the United Nations (adopted by UN General Assembly Resolution 2625 (XXV) of 24.10.1970).
UN General Assembly. Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples (adopted6 by the UN General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) of 14.12.1960) [online]. 10 September 2024. Available from: https://www.un.org/ru/documents/decl_conv/declarations/colonial.shtml
UN. Document 995_042. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 16.12.1966 [online]. 10 September 2024. Available from: Available from: https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/995_042#Text
United Nations Department of Public Information. UN Charter of 24.10.1945 [online]. 10 September 2024. Available from: https://unic.un.org/aroundworld/unics/common/documents/publications/uncharter/UN%20Charter_Ukrainian.pdf
VORONOVICI, Alexandr. Internationalist separatism and the political use of “Historical Statehood” in the Unrecognized Republics of Transnistria and Donbass. Problems of Post-Communism, 2020, vol. 67, n 3, pp. 288-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/10758216.2019.1594918
VORONOVICI, Alexandr. Separatism and the uses of the past: Politics of history in the self-proclaimed Republics of Donbas. Cultures of History Forum, 2023. https://doi.org/10.25626/0147
YURCHENKO, Yuliya. Ukraine and the empire of capital: From marketisation to armed conflict. London: Pluto Press, 2018.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Pavlo LYSIANSKYI, Vira IASTREBOVA, Ella MAMONTOVA, Artem SALIKHOV
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who published in the journal agree to the following terms:
- The Authors grant the Journal the right of first publication, and other non-exclusive publishing rights, licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which allows the sharing of work with recognition of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to take on additional contracts separately, non-exclusive distribution of the version of the paper published in this journal (ex .: publish in an institutional repository or as a chapter in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post and distribute their work online (eg .: in institutional repositories or on their website) at any point before or during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as increase the impact and the citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
RJP does not apply submission, publication or any other fees of any nature. Its articles are open access, with the goal of disseminating scientific knowledge and the debate of legal topics in the area of Legal Sciences.