Nanopartículas para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de alzheimer

artículo de revisión

Autores/as

  • Luísa Cruz Lopes Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Viseu, CERNAS, Viseu, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6502-7202
  • Ana Lopes Escola Secundária Viriato, Viseu, Portugal
  • Maria Escudeiro Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Porto, Portugal
  • Cláudia Duarte Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9126-4623
  • Rafaela Ferreira Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
  • Francisco Graça Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-3365
  • Isaura Silva Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
  • Bruno Esteves Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Escola Superior de Tecnologia e Gestão de Viseu, CERNAS, Viseu, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6660-3128

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29352/mill0210e.26245

Palabras clave:

enfermedad de alzheimer, nanomateriales, eglp, nanotecnología, toxicidad

Resumen

Introducción: La Enfermedad de Alzheimer es una patología neurodegenerativa primaria, de etiología desconocida e influenciada por varios factores con aspectos neuropatológicos y neuroquímicos característicos. Actualmente, los fármacos aprobados para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad solo alivian los síntomas y se acompañan de diversos efectos secundarios. La nanotecnología aparece como una alternativa para el tratamiento del Alzheimer, ya que ofrece muchas ventajas a la medicina contemporánea, permitiendo un diagnóstico y tratamiento no invasivo y dirigido, reduciendo las reacciones adversas y los efectos sistémicos.

Objetivo: Reconocer las potencialidades del uso de nanopartículas en el tratamiento de la Enfermedad de Alzheimer, identificando los tratamientos más prometedores y sus posibles efectos secundarios.

Métodos: Revisión bibliográfica narrativa a partir de consulta a bases de datos como Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed y Scielo.

Resultados: Las nanopartículas de oro se muestran capaces de atravesar la barrera hematoencefálica (BHE), transportando fármacos esenciales para inhibir la agregación de péptidos Aβ, así como para disolver fibrillas preexistentes. Los polímeros biodegradables y biocompatibles, como el polilactideo poliglicólico (PLGA), son un enfoque prometedor y seguro, habiendo sido muy utilizados. Las mejores técnicas son aquellas que garantizan que las nanopartículas sean capaces de atravesar la barrera hematoencefálica (BHE), alcanzar su objetivo terapéutico, así como garantizar que estas partículas no induzcan efectos tóxicos en el organismo. Aunque las nanopartículas sean capaces de tratar algunas enfermedades de forma eficiente, se sabe poco sobre sus efectos secundarios, que pueden o no ser más dañinos para el organismo de lo que la enfermedad que pretenden tratar.

Conclusión: Existen varios enfoques terapéuticos prometedores, pero ninguno aún ha sido aprobado, ya que es difícil mantener concentraciones adecuadas de fármaco en el espacio intraneuronal. Establecer la dosis tóxica es necesario para el uso aprobado de una nanopartícula en un tratamiento, pero es casi imposible predecir sus efectos citotóxicos en regiones extraneuronales

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Publicado

2022-07-29

Cómo citar

Cruz Lopes, L., Lopes, A., Escudeiro, M., Duarte, C., Ferreira, R., Graça, F., Silva, I., & Esteves, B. (2022). Nanopartículas para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de alzheimer: artículo de revisión. Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health, 2(10e), 77–92. https://doi.org/10.29352/mill0210e.26245

Número

Sección

Ingenierías, Tecnología, Gestión y Turismo