Tratamentos Atuais e Perspectivas Futuras na Atrofia Geográfica

Autores

  • António Ferrão-Mendes Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6070-4312
  • Mafalda Oliveira Serviço de Oftalmologia, ULS São João, Porto, Portugal
  • Rita Laiginhas Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Serviço de Oftalmologia, ULS São João, Porto, Portugal

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.48560/rspo.43681

Palavras-chave:

Degenerescência Macular/complicações, Atrofia Geográfica/tratamento, Atrofia Geográfica/tratamento farmacológico

Resumo

A atrofia geográfica (AG) secundária à degenerescência macular da idade (DMI) é uma doença degenerativa da retina e uma das principais causas de perda irreversível de visão em idosos. Atualmente, não existe qualquer terapêutica curativa aprovada. Esta revisão narrativa resume as estratégias terapêuticas atuais e emergentes para a atrofia geográfica. O sistema do complemento emergiu como um alvo terapêutico central, conduzindo ao desenvolvimento das primeiras terapêuticas farmacológicas aprovadas para a AG. Os inibidores do complemento, nomeadamente o pegcetacoplan (inibidor do C3) e o avacincaptad pegol (inibidor do C5), aprovados pela FDA em 2023, demonstraram reduções consistentes do crescimento das lesões de AG em ensaios clínicos de fase 2 e 3. Apesar da preservação estrutural alcançada, os benefícios funcionais permanecem modestos e foi observado um aumento do risco de conversão para DMI neovascular, sublinhando a necessidade de uma seleção criteriosa dos doentes e de uma monitorização rigorosa. A suplementação nutricional, particularmente com formulações antioxidantes e luteína/zeaxantina, demonstrou benefícios limitados, mas mensuráveis, na desaceleração da progressão da doença, enquanto a fotobiomodulação e tratamentos emergentes baseados em terapia génica e com células estaminais se apresentam como estratégias promissoras para a preservação e regeneração da retina. Apesar dos avanços recentes, a AG continua a ser uma condição debilitante, com impacto significativo na qualidade de vida dos doentes. As terapêuticas atualmente disponíveis oferecem benefícios limitados, não sendo capazes de interromper nem reverter a degeneração da retina. A investigação contínua, focada na otimização do timing terapêutico, estratégias combinadas e abordagens regenerativas, é essencial para melhorar os resultados visuais a longo prazo e responder às necessidades terapêuticas associadas à AG.

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Publicado

2026-11-10

Como Citar

Ferrão-Mendes, A., Oliveira, M., & Laiginhas, R. (2026). Tratamentos Atuais e Perspectivas Futuras na Atrofia Geográfica. Revista Sociedade Portuguesa De Oftalmologia. https://doi.org/10.48560/rspo.43681

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