Intervenciones de enfermería en salud mental perinatal: scoping review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29352/mill0223e.45247Palabras clave:
personas embarazadas; periodo posparto; promoción de la salud; salud mental; atención de enfermería; perinatalResumen
Introducción: La salud mental perinatal constituye una prioridad de salud pública, dada la elevada prevalencia de trastornos emocionales durante el embarazo y el posparto, así como sus repercusiones en el bienestar materno, el desarrollo infantil y la dinámica familiar. La enfermería asume un papel fundamental en la promoción, la prevención y la intervención en este ámbito, lo que justifica la realización de un mapeo sistemático de las intervenciones y prácticas existentes.
Objetivo: Mapear y caracterizar las intervenciones de enfermería en salud mental dirigidas a mujeres en el período perinatal, describiendo las modalidades de implementación y los tipos de intervenciones en diferentes contextos asistenciales.
Métodos: Revisión de alcance realizada según la metodología del Joanna Briggs Institute. La búsqueda se llevó a cabo en bases de datos internacionales de enfermería y salud, sin restricciones temporales ni lingüísticas. Se incluyeron estudios que describieran intervenciones, programas o prácticas de enfermería en salud mental perinatal.
Resultados: Se incluyeron 24 estudios, identificándose intervenciones en contextos hospitalarios, comunitarios, domiciliarios y digitales. Se observó un predominio de intervenciones en el período posparto y una mayor frecuencia de enfoques psicosociales, psicoeducativos y basados en la comunidad. Las intervenciones incluyeron cuidados individuales estructurados, programas grupales, visitas domiciliarias e intervenciones especializadas dirigidas a promover el bienestar psicológico, prevenir trastornos mentales y apoyar situaciones de mayor complejidad.
Conclusión: La enfermería desempeña un papel relevante en la salud mental perinatal, evidenciando una diversidad de intervenciones y contextos clínicos. Esta revisión contribuye al mapeo de la evidencia disponible, identificando patrones y lagunas que pueden contribuir a la práctica, la formación y la investigación futura, sin permitir, no obstante, la formulación de recomendaciones clínicas generalizables.
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