Autoestima, metas de logro y estrategias de autoprotección: un enfoque centrado en la persona
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.21814/rpe.20886Palabras clave:
Autoestima, Metas de logro, Perfiles motivacionales, Self-handicapping, Pesimismo defensivoResumen
Las estrategias de self-handicapping y pesimismo defensivo constituyen un recurso frecuentemente utilizado por los estudiantes que buscan proteger sus sentimientos de valía personal. Numerosos trabajos han evidenciado que la autoestima y las metas de logro constituyen dos de los predictores motivacionales más importantes de estas estrategias. Sin embargo, el estudio de estas relaciones se ha efectuado desde un enfoque centrado en la variable. A partir de la identificación de diferentes perfiles de estudiantes en función de sus características de autoestima y metas de logro (aprendizaje, aproximación al rendimiento y evitación del rendimiento), se pretendía determinar, dentro de cada perfil, el poder predictivo de estas variables sobre las estrategias de autoprotección. En el estudio participaron 1028 estudiantes universitarios, seleccionados mediante un muestreo por conveniencia. Partiendo de la determinación de cuatro perfiles —(a) alta autoestima y predominio de aproximación al rendimiento; (b) alta autoestima y predominio de aprendizaje; (c) baja autoestima y predominio de metas de rendimiento; y (d) baja autoestima y altas metas generalizadas—, se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal (pasos sucesivos). Los resultados evidenciaron que, en los dos perfiles con alta autoestima, las metas de aprendizaje constituían un predictor negativo del self-handicapping. Asimismo, en los perfiles con baja autoestima, las metas de evitación del rendimiento (negativamente) y ambas metas de aproximación (positivamente) se mostraron como predictores del pesimismo defensivo. Estos resultados sugieren que, en aras de propiciar una prevención eficaz del uso de estrategias de autoprotección, es preciso conocer las características motivacionales de cada estudiante.
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