The moderating effect of parenting styles on the relationship between social anxiety and depressive symptomatology in adolescents
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29352/mill0202.01.00120Keywords:
Social Anxiety, Depression, Parenting Styles, Moderation, AdolescenceAbstract
Intruduction: The comorbidity between depression and social anxiety is high in adolescence. Parental emotion socialization behaviors have been associated with the development of social skills and depressive symptomatology.
Objectives: This study aims to explore the moderating effect of parenting styles on the relationship between social anxiety and depression, to study the associations between them, and to analyze the relationship between parenting styles, social anxiety and depressive symptomatology in adolescents.
Methods: The sample consisted of 122 parents and their children. Self-report instruments were used to assess social anxiety, depressive symptomatology and parenting styles.
Results: It was found that social anxiety is significantly associated to depression and that the former has a predictive effect on the latter. The parenting styles revealed no significant associations with either depressive symptomatology or with social anxiety, but a moderating effect of explorer parenting style was found in the relationship between social anxiety (public performance) and depressive symptomatology.
Conclusions: The present investigation confirmed the existence of a significant association between social anxiety and depressive symptomatology in adolescence and suggests an effect of parental practices of emotional socialization in this relation, which, however, should be replicated in future research. It will also be important to study the effect of parenting styles on children's emotional regulation skills and their possible mediating effect on the relationship between social anxiety and depression.
Downloads
References
Abela, J. R. Z., & Hankin, B. L. (2008). Depression in children and adolescents: Causes, treatment, and prevention. In J. R. Abela & B. L. Hankin (Eds.), Handbook of depression in children and adolescents, (pp. 3–5). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
American Psychiatric Association, & American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Arnarson, E. Ö., & Craighead, W. E. (2009). Prevention of depression among icelandic adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(7), 577-585. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.011
Aune, T., & Stiles, T. C. (2009). The effects of depression and stressful life events on the development and maintenance of syndromal social anxiety: sex and age differences. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(4), 501-512. doi:10.1080/15374410902976304
Baron, R., & Kenny, D. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual,strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
Beesdo, K., Bittner, A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. (2007). Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(8), 903-912. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.903
Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Young, B. J., Ammerman, R. T., Sallee, F. R., & Crosby, L. (2007). Psychopathology of adolescent social phobia. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 29(1), 46-53. doi:10.1007/s10862-006-9021-1
Belzer, K., & Schneier, F. R. (2004). Comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders: issues in conceptualization, assessment, and treatment. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 10(5), 296-306. doi:10.1097/00131746-200409000-00003
Buckholdt, K. E., Kitzmann, K. M., & Cohen, R. (2014a). Parent emotion coaching buffers the psychological effects of poor peer relations in the classroom. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33(1), 23-41. doi:10.1177/0265407514562560
Buckholdt, K. E., Parra, G. R., & Jobe-Shields, L. (2014b). Intergenerational transmission of emotion dysregulation through parental invalidation of emotions: implications for adolescent internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23(2), 324-332. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9768-4
Chavira, D. A., Stein, M. B., Bailey, K., & Stein, M. T. (2004). Comorbidity of generalized social anxiety disorder and depression in a pediatric primary care sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 80(2-3), 163-171. doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(03)00103-4
Cummings, C., & Fristad, M. (2008). Mood disorders in childhood. In R. G. Steele, T. D. Elkin, & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of evidence-based therapies for children and adolescents: Bridging science and practice, (pp. 145–160). New York, NY: Springer.
Dalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. (2007). Does comorbid social anxiety disorder impact the clinical presentation of principal major depressive disorder? Journal of Affective Disorders, 100(1-3), 241-247. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.10.014
Dalrymple, K. L., & Zimmerman, M. (2011). Age of onset of social anxiety disorder in depressed outpatients. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(1), 131-137. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.08.012
Gonçalves, M. & Dias, P. (1999). Avaliação da ansiedade e da depressão em crianças e adolescentes (STAIC-C2, CMAS-R, FSSC-R e CDI): estudo normativo para a população portuguesa. In A. P. Soares, S. Araújo & S. Caíres (Orgs.). Avaliação psicológica: formas e contextos (pp. 553-564). Braga: APPORT.
Drost, J., Van der Does, W., Van Hemert, A. M., Penninx, B. W., & Spinhoven, P. (2014). Repetitive negative thinking as a transdiagnostic factor in depression and anxiety: A conceptual replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 63, 177-183. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.06.004
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (1999). Frequency and comorbidity of social phobia and social fears in adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(9), 831-843. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00179-x
Essau, C. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Sasagawa, S. (2010). Gender differences in the developmental course of depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 127(1-3), 185-190. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.05.016
Fabes, R. A., Leonard, S. A., Kupanoff, K., & Martin, C. L. (2001). Parental coping with children's negative emotions: relations with children's emotional and social responding. Child Development, 72(3), 907-920. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00323
Fivush, R. (2007). Maternal reminiscing style and children’s developing understanding of self and emotion. Clinical Social Work Journal, 35(1), 37-46. doi:10.1007/s10615-006-0065-1
Gottman, J. M., & Declaire, J. (1997). The heart of parenting: How to raise an emotionally intelligent child. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1996). Parental meta-emotion philosophy and the emotional life of families: Theoretical models and preliminary data. Journal of Family Psychology, 10(3), 243-268. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.10.3.243
Grant, D. M., Judah, M. R., Mills, A. C., Lechner, W. V., Davidson, C. L., & Wingate, L. R. (2014). Rumination and excessive reassurance seeking: mediators of the relationship between social anxiety and depression? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 36(3), 465-474. doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9399-5
Hunter, E. C., Katz, L. F., Shortt, J. W., Davis, B., Leve, C., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. B. (2010). How do I feel about feelings? Emotion socialization in families of depressed and healthy adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), 428-441. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9545-2
Katz, L. F., Hunter, E., & Klowden, A. (2008). Intimate partner violence and children's reaction to peer provocation: The moderating role of emotion coaching. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(4), 614-621. doi:10.1037/a0012793
Katz, L. F., & Hunter, E. C. (2007). Maternal meta-emotion philosophy and adolescent depressive symptomatology. Social Development, 16(2), 343-360. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00388.x
Katz, L. F., Maliken, A. C., & Stettler, N. M. (2012). Parental meta-emotion philosophy: a review of research and theoretical framework. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 417-422. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00244.x
Katz, L. F., & Windecker-Nelson, B. (2004). Parental meta-emotion philosophy in families with conduct-problem children: links with peer relations. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4), 385-398. doi:10.1023/b:jacp.0000030292.36168.30
Kline, R. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (3rd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
Kovacs, M. (1985). The children's depression inventory. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, (21), 995-998.
Lunkenheimer, E. S., Shields, A. M., & Cortina, K. S. (2007). Parental emotion coaching and dismissing in family interaction. Social Development, 16(2), 232-248. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00382.x
March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, P., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The multidimensional anxiety scale for children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(4), 554-565. doi:10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019
Marôco, J. (2010). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software & aplicações. Sintra, Portugal: Report Number.
Marújo, H. (1994). Síndromas depressivos na infância e na adolescência (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
Matos, A.P., Costa, J.J., Pinheiro, M.R, Silva, E., & Marques, C. (2016). Parenting Scale Self-Test: estudo da estrutura fatorial. Millenium - Journal of Education, Technologies, and Health. (in press).
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361-388. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
Pestana, M. H. & Gageiro, J. N. (2005). Análise de dados para ciências sociais: A complementaridade do SPSS (4th ed.). Lisboa: Edições Sílabo.
Ramsden, S. R., & Hubbard, J. A. (2002). Family expressiveness and parental emotion coaching: Their role in children’s emotion regulation and aggression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 657-667.
Ranta, K., Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rantanen, P., & Marttunen, M. (2009). Social phobia in finnish general adolescent population: prevalence, comorbidity, individual and family correlates, and service use. Depression and Anxiety, 26(6), 528-536. doi:10.1002/da.20422
Rao, P. A., Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Ammerman, R. T., Crosby, L., & Sallee, F. R. (2007). Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Descriptive psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1181-1191. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.07.015
Rao, U., & Cohen, L. (2009). Characteristics, correlates andt outcomes of childhood and adolescent depressive disordes. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 11, 45-62. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-47672-8_7
Ruscio, A., Brown, T., Chiu, W., Sareen, J., Stein, M., & Kessler, R. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the USA: results from the national comorbidity survey replication. Psychological Medicine, 38(1), 15-28. doi:10.1017/s0033291707001699
Salvador, M. C., Matos, A. P. Oliveira, S. A., March, J. S., Arnarson, E. O., & Craighead, E. W. (2015). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Psychometric Properties and Confirmatory Factor Analysis in a Sample of Portuguese Adolescents. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Smucker, M. R., Craighead, W. E., Craighead, L. W., & Green, B. J. (1986). Normative and reliability data for the children's depression inventory. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 14(1), 25-39. doi:10.1007/bf00917219
Stein, M. B., Fuetsch, M., Müller, N., Höfler, M., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H. (2001). Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58(3), 251. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.251
Stocker, C. M., Richmond, M. K., Rhoades, G. K., & Kiang, L. (2007). Family emotional processes and adolescents' adjustment. Social Development, 16(2), 310-325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00386.x
Wittchen, H., Stnein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1999). Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 29(2), 309-323. doi:10.1017/s0033291798008174
Yap, M. B., Schwartz, O. S., Byrne, M. L., Simmons, J. G., & Allen, N. B. (2010). Maternal positive and negative interaction behaviors and early adolescents' depressive symptoms: adolescent emotion regulation as a mediator. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20(4), 1014-1043. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00665.x
Yorbik, O., Birmaher, B., Axelson, D., Williamson, D. E., & Ryan, N. D. (2004). Clinical characteristics of depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 65(12), 1654-1659. doi:10.4088/jcp.v65n1210
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who submit proposals for this journal agree to the following terms:
a) Articles are published under the Licença Creative Commons (CC BY 4.0), in full open-access, without any cost or fees of any kind to the author or the reader;
b) The authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, allowing the free sharing of work, provided it is correctly attributed the authorship and initial publication in this journal;
c) The authors are permitted to take on additional contracts separately for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (eg, post it to an institutional repository or as a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal;
d) Authors are permitted and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg, in institutional repositories or on their website) as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as increase the impact and citation of published work
Documents required for submission
Article template (Editable format)